Review ArticleArtificial Intelligence
Open Access
A Review of the Opportunities and Challenges with Large Language Models in Radiology: The Road Ahead
Neetu Soni, Manish Ora, Amit Agarwal, Tianbao Yang and Girish Bathla
American Journal of Neuroradiology July 2025, 46 (7) 1292-1299; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A8589
Neetu Soni
aFrom the Department of Radiology (N.S., A.A.), Mayo Clinic—Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida
Manish Ora
bDepartment of Nuclear Medicine (M.O.), Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Science, Lucknow, India
Amit Agarwal
aFrom the Department of Radiology (N.S., A.A.), Mayo Clinic—Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida
Tianbao Yang
cDepartment of Computer Science & Engineering (T.Y.), Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
Girish Bathla
dDepartment of Radiology (G.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota

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In this issue
American Journal of Neuroradiology
Vol. 46, Issue 7
1 Jul 2025
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Neetu Soni, Manish Ora, Amit Agarwal, Tianbao Yang, Girish Bathla
A Review of the Opportunities and Challenges with Large Language Models in Radiology: The Road Ahead
American Journal of Neuroradiology Jul 2025, 46 (7) 1292-1299; DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A8589
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