Contrast Staining in Noninfarcted Tissue after Endovascular Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke

References

1. 1.↵
   1. Parrilla G,
   2. García-Villalba B,
   3. Espinosa de Rueda M, et al

   . Hemorrhage/contrast staining areas after mechanical intra-arterial thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke: imaging findings and clinical significance. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2012;33:1791–96 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A3044 pmid:22538076

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
2. 2.↵
   1. Lummel N,
   2. Schulte-Altedorneburg G,
   3. Bernau C, et al

   . Hyperattenuated intracerebral lesions after mechanical recanalization in acute stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2014;35:345–51 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A3656 pmid:23907245

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
3. 3.↵
   1. Chang GC,
   2. Ma DC,
   3. Li W, et al

   . Contrast enhancement by location and volume is associated with long-term outcome after thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke. Sci Rep 2022;12:16998 doi:10.1038/s41598-022-21276-3 pmid:36216846

   CrossRefPubMed
4. 4.↵
   1. Abdalkader M,
   2. Siegler JE,
   3. Lee JS, et al

   . Neuroimaging of acute ischemic stroke: multimodal imaging approach for acute endovascular therapy. J Stroke 2023;25:55–71 doi:10.5853/jos.2022.03286 pmid:36746380

   CrossRefPubMed
5. 5.↵
   1. Shulman JG,
   2. Abdalkader M

   . Imaging of central nervous system ischemia. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2023;29:54–72 doi:10.1212/CON.0000000000001185 pmid:36795873

   CrossRefPubMed
6. 6.↵
   1. Del Zoppo GJ,
   2. Von Kummer R,
   3. Hamann GF

   . Ischaemic damage of brain microvessels: inherent risks for thrombolytic treatment in stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998;65:1–9 doi:10.1136/jnnp.65.1.1 pmid:9667553

   FREE Full Text
7. 7.↵
   1. Hamann GF,
   2. Okada Y,
   3. Del Zoppo GJ

   . Hemorrhagic transformation and microvascular integrity during focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1996;16:1373–78 doi:10.1097/00004647-199611000-00036 pmid:8898714

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
8. 8.↵
   1. Pardridge WM

   . Drug transport across the blood–brain barrier. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2012;32:1959–72 doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2012.126 pmid:22929442

   CrossRefPubMed
9. 9.↵
   1. Dekeyzer S,
   2. Nikoubashman O,
   3. Lutin B, et al

   . Distinction between contrast staining and hemorrhage after endovascular stroke treatment: one CT is not enough. J Neurointerv Surg 2017;9:394–98 doi:10.1136/neurintsurg-2016-012290 pmid:27036980

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
10. 10.↵
    1. Suzuki R,
    2. Yamaguchi T,
    3. Kirino T, et al

    . The effects of 5-minute ischemia in Mongolian gerbils: I. Blood-brain barrier, cerebral blood flow, and local cerebral glucose utilization changes. Acta Neuropathol 1983;60:207–16 doi:10.1007/BF00691868 pmid:6613530

    CrossRefPubMed
11. 11.↵
    1. Montaner J,
    2. Molina CA,
    3. Monasterio J, et al

    . Matrix metalloproteinase-9 pretreatment level predicts intracranial hemorrhagic complications after thrombolysis in human stroke. Circulation 2003;107:598–603 doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000046451.38849.90 pmid:12566373

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
12. 12.↵
    1. Chang GC,
    2. Nguyen TN,
    3. Qiu J, et al

    . Predicting symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage in anterior circulation stroke patients with contrast enhancement after thrombectomy: the CAGA score. J Neurointerv Surg 2023;15:e356–362 doi:10.1136/jnis-2022-019787 pmid:36627195

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
13. 13.↵
    1. Costalat V,
    2. Lobotesis K,
    3. Machi P, et al

    . Prognostic factors related to clinical outcome following thrombectomy in ischemic stroke (RECOST Study): 50 patients prospective study. Eur J Radiol 2012;81:4075–82 doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2012.07.012 pmid:22940230

    CrossRefPubMed
14. 14.↵
    1. Cabral FB,
    2. Castro-Afonso LH,
    3. Nakiri GS, et al

    . Hyper-attenuating brain lesions on CT after ischemic stroke and thrombectomy are associated with final brain infarction. Interv Neuroradiol 2017;23:594–600 doi:10.1177/1591019917729550 pmid:28950737

    CrossRefPubMed
15. 15.↵
    1. Amans MR,
    2. Cooke DL,
    3. Vella M, et al

    . Contrast staining on CT after DSA in ischemic stroke patients progresses to infarction and rarely hemorrhages. Interv Neuroradiol 2014;20:106–15 doi:10.15274/INR-2014-10016 pmid:24556308

    CrossRefPubMed
16. 16.↵
    1. Firth D

    . Bias reduction of maximum likelihood estimates. Biometrika 1993;80:27–38 doi:10.1093/biomet/80.1.27

    CrossRefWeb of Science
17. 17.↵
    1. Renú A,
    2. Amaro S,
    3. Laredo C, et al

    . Relevance of blood–brain barrier disruption after endovascular treatment of ischemic stroke: dual-energy computed tomographic study. Stroke 2015;46:673–79 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.008147 pmid:25657188

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
18. 18.↵
    1. Leigh R,
    2. Jen SS,
    3. Hillis AE, et al

    ; STIR and VISTA Imaging Investigators. Pretreatment blood–brain barrier damage and post-treatment intracranial hemorrhage in patients receiving intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator. Stroke 2014;45:2030–35 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.005249 pmid:24876245

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
19. 19.↵
    1. Obach V,
    2. Oleaga L,
    3. Urra X, et al

    . Multimodal CT-assisted thrombolysis in patients with acute stroke: a cohort study. Stroke 2011;42:1129–31 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.605766 pmid:21330631

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
20. 20.↵
    1. Kassner A,
    2. Mandell DM,
    3. Mikulis DJ

    . Measuring permeability in acute ischemic stroke. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2011;21:315–25 doi:10.1016/j.nic.2011.01.004 pmid:21640302

    CrossRefPubMed
21. 21.↵
    1. Mujanovic A,
    2. Ng F,
    3. Meinel TR, et al

    . No-reflow phenomenon in stroke patients: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of clinical data. Int J Stroke 2023;19:58–67 doi:10.1177/17474930231180434 pmid:37231702

    CrossRefPubMed
22. 22.↵
    1. Iliff JJ,
    2. Wang M,
    3. Liao Y, et al

    . A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid β. Sci Transl Med 2012;4:147ra111 doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3003748 pmid:22896675

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
23. 23.↵
    1. Gaberel T,
    2. Gakuba C,
    3. Goulay R, et al

    . Impaired glymphatic perfusion after strokes revealed by contrast-enhanced MRI: a new target for fibrinolysis? Stroke 2014;45:3092–96 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.006617 pmid:25190438

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
24. 24.↵
    1. Chu YT,
    2. Lee KP,
    3. Chen CH, et al

    . Contrast-induced encephalopathy after endovascular thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 2020;51:3756–59 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.031518 pmid:33121385

    CrossRefPubMed
25. 25.↵
    1. Arba F,
    2. Rinaldi C,
    3. Caimano D, et al

    . Blood–brain barrier disruption and hemorrhagic transformation in acute ischemic stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol 2020;11:594613 doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.594613 pmid:33551955

    CrossRefPubMed
26. 26.↵
    1. Nagaraja TN,
    2. Karki K,
    3. Ewing JR, et al

    . Identification of variations in blood-brain barrier opening after cerebral ischemia by dual contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and T 1sat measurements. Stroke 2008;39:427–32 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.496059 pmid:18174480

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
27. 27.↵
    1. Krueger M,
    2. Mages B,
    3. Hobusch C, et al

    . Endothelial edema precedes blood-brain barrier breakdown in early time points after experimental focal cerebral ischemia. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019;7:17 doi:10.1186/s40478-019-0671-0 pmid:30744693

    CrossRefPubMed
28. 28.↵
    1. Krueger M,
    2. Bechmann I,
    3. Immig K, et al

    . Blood-brain barrier breakdown involves four distinct stages of vascular damage in various models of experimental focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015;35:292–303 doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2014.199 pmid:25425076

    CrossRefPubMed
29. 29.↵
    1. Krueger M,
    2. Härtig W,
    3. Frydrychowicz C, et al

    . Stroke-induced blood–brain barrier breakdown along the vascular tree: no preferential affection of arteries in different animal models and in humans. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017;37:2539–54 doi:10.1177/0271678X16670922 pmid:27683449

    CrossRefPubMed
30. 30.↵
    1. Heidari P,
    2. Blayney S,
    3. Butler J, et al

    . The relationship between penumbral tissue and blood-brain barrier disruption in acute stroke patients presenting in an extended time window. Front Neurol 2020;11:582994 doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.582994 pmid:33363505

    CrossRefPubMed
31. 31.↵
    1. Romero JR,
    2. Pikula A,
    3. Nguyen TN, et al

    . Cerebral collateral circulation in carotid artery disease. Curr Cardiol Rev 2009;5:279–88 doi:10.2174/157340309789317887 pmid:21037845

    CrossRefPubMed
32. 32.↵
    1. Althaus K,
    2. Kasel M,
    3. Ludolph AC, et al

    . HARM revisited: etiology of subarachnoid hyperintensities in brain FLAIR MRI. Int J Stroke 2022;17:1121–28 doi:10.1177/17474930211064754 pmid:34983275

    CrossRefPubMed
33. 33.↵
    1. Hernandez L,
    2. Ward LJ,
    3. Arefin S, et al

    ; GOING-FWD Collaborators. Blood–brain barrier and gut barrier dysfunction in chronic kidney disease with a focus on circulating biomarkers and tight junction proteins. Sci Rep 2022;12:4414 doi:10.1038/s41598-022-08387-7 pmid:35292710

    CrossRefPubMed
34. 34.↵
    1. Gupta A,
    2. Bansal A,
    3. Young K, et al

    . Blood-brain barrier permeability in ESKD: a proof-of-concept study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2023;34:1508–11 doi:10.1681/ASN.0000000000000167 pmid:37400109

    CrossRefPubMed
35. 35.↵
    1. Seker F,
    2. Qureshi MM,
    3. Möhlenbruch MA, et al

    . Reperfusion without functional independence in late presentation of stroke with large vessel occlusion. Stroke 2022;53:3594–604 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.122.039476 pmid:36252092

    CrossRefPubMed
36. 36.↵
    1. Lukic-Panin V,
    2. Deguchi K,
    3. Yamashita T, et al

    . Free radical scavenger edaravone administration protects against tissue plasminogen activator induced oxidative stress and blood brain barrier damage. Curr Neurovasc Res 2010;7:319–29 doi:10.2174/156720210793180747 pmid:20854248

    CrossRefPubMed
37. 37.↵
    1. Kurosawa Y,
    2. Lu A,
    3. Khatri P, et al

    . Intra-arterial iodinated radiographic contrast material injection administration in a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion model: possible effects on intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2010;41:1013–17 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.578245 pmid:20360541

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
38. 38.↵
    1. Khatri P,
    2. Broderick JP,
    3. Khoury JC, et al

    ; IMS I and II Investigators. Microcatheter contrast injections during intra-arterial thrombolysis may increase intracranial hemorrhage risk. Stroke 2008;39:3283–87 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.522904 pmid:18772441

    Abstract/FREE Full Text