Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig 1.
Chronic musculoskeletal pain and global brain volumes. Analyses adjusted for age, intracranial volume and depression. β is the difference in standardized brain volume for individuals with chronic joint pain compared with those without chronic joint pain.
- Fig 2.
Brain volumes in regions of the limbic system and signal processing in relation to chronic musculoskeletal pain in (A) female and (B) male subjects. Plots represent β and standard error. β is the difference in standardized brain volume for individuals with chronic joint pain compared with those without chronic joint pain. Analyses were adjusted for age, intracranial volume, and depression. *P = .002. Thal indicates thalamus; Hippo, hippocampus; Amyg, amygdala; OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; vlPFC, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex; dlPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; PCC, posterior cingulate cortex; MCC, midcingulate cortex; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; Insula, insular cortex; S1, primary somatosensory cortex.
- Fig 3.
Quantitative sensory testing (heat pain threshold) and structural brain alterations in (A) female and (B) male subjects. Plots represent β and standard error. β is the difference in standardized brain volume per degree of temperature (Celsius); analyses were adjusted for age, intracranial volume, and depression. *P < .05. Thal indicates thalamus; Hippo, hippocampus; Amyg, amygdala; OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; vlPFC, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex; dlPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; PCC, posterior cingulate cortex; MCC, midcingulate cortex; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; Insula, insular cortex; S1, primary somatosensory cortex.
Tables
Brain Region Reference +/− N Chronic Pain Disorder Thalamus Apkarian et al, 200418 − 52 CLBP Schmidt-Wilcke et al, 200617 + 36 CLBP Schmidt-Wilcke et al, 200740 − 42 Fibromyalgia Ivo et al, 20139 − 28 CLBP S1 Rodriguez-Raecke et al, 200939 − 32 Hip OA Seminowicz et al, 201141 − 34 CLBP Kong et al, 201336 + 36 CLBP Insular cortex Kuchinad et al, 200737 − 20 Fibromyalgia Rodriguez-Raecke et al, 200939 − 32 Hip OA Valet et al, 200942 − 39 Pain syndrome (DSM IV) Robinson et al, 201111 − 25 Fibromyalgia Seminowicz et al, 201141 − 34 CLBP Anterior cingulate cortex Burgmer et al, 200934 − 28 Fibromyalgia Valet et al, 200942 − 39 Pain syndrome (DSM IV) Rodriguez-Raecke et al, 200939 − 32 Hip OA Seminowicz et al, 201141 − 34 CLBP Jensen et al, 201335 − 39 Fibromyalgia Midcingulate cortex Kuchinad et al, 200737 − 20 Fibromyalgia Buckalew et al, 200833 − 16 CLBP Wood et al, 200943 − 14 Fibromyalgia Robinson et al, 201111 − 25 Fibromyalgia Ivo et al, 20139 − 28 CLBP Prefrontal cortex dorsolateral Apkarian et al, 200418 − 52 CLBP Seminowicz et al, 201141 − 34 CLBP Ivo et al, 20139 − 28 CLBP Prefrontal cortex ventrolateral Rodriguez-Raecke et al, 200939 − 32 Hip OA Burgmer et al, 200934 − 28 Fibromyalgia Seminowicz et al, 201141 − 34 CLBP Posterior cingulate cortex Kuchinad et al, 200737 − 20 Fibromyalgia Valet et al, 200942 − 39 Pain syndrome (DSM IV) Wood et al, 200943 − 14 Fibromyalgia Robinson et al, 201111 − 25 Fibromyalgia Orbitofrontal cortex Schmidt-Wilcke et al, 200740 + 42 Fibromyalgia Valet et al, 200942 − 39 Pain syndrome (DSM IV) Rodriguez-Raecke et al, 200939 − 32 Hip OA Seminowicz et al, 201141 − 34 CLBP Hippocampus Lutz et al, 200838 − 60 Fibromyalgia Zimmerman et al, 200914 − 20 Chronic pain Amygdala Burgmer et al, 200934 − 28 Fibromyalgia Rodriguez-Raecke et al, 200939 − 32 Hip OA Note:—+ indicates larger volume in chronic pain; −, smaller volume in chronic pain; CLBP, chronic low back pain; OA, osteoarthritis; DSMIV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition.
Total (n = 3376) Men (n = 1525) Women (n = 1851) Mean age, y 60.3 ± 8.7 60.4 ± 8.7 60.1 ± 8.7 Chronic pain, no. (%) 1191 (35.3) 414 (27.1) 777 (42.0) Mean intracranial volume, mL 1126 ± 119 1203 ± 102 1062 ± 91 Positive CESD, no. (%) 328 (8.5) 81 (4.6) 247 (11.7) Mean heat pain threshold, °C (n = 1538) 47.2 ± 3.2 48.0 ± 2.7 46.6 ± 3.4 Note:—CESD indicates Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale.
