Image-Based Search in Radiology: Identification of Brain Tumor Subtypes within Databases using MRI-Based Radiomic Features

From the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (M.V.R., K.L., K.T.F.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.C., A.A.); Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.C., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (A.A.); Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA (N.M., M.S.A.); Center for Translational Imaging Analysis and Machine Learning, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (T.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (J.L.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, University Dusseldorf, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany (N.T.); University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (L.J.); DKFZ Division of Translational Neuro-oncology at the WTZ, German Cancer Consortium, DKTK Partner Site, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (L.J.); University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (S.M.); Visage Imaging, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA (M.D.L); Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.A.); IBSR consortium: Manpreet Kaur (Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany), Divya Ramakrishnan (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Khaled Bousabarah (Visage Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany), Nicolas Linder (University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany), Sarah M. Jacobs (Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands), Francesca Conti (Università di Roma -La Sapienza), Gabriel Cassinelli Petersen (University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany), Ujjwal Baid (Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA), Ichiro Ikuta (Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Phoenix, AZ), Fatima Memon (Carolina Radiology, Myrtle Beach, SC, USA), Claudia Kirsch (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Melissa Davis (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Spyridon Bakas (Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA)

From the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (M.V.R., K.L., K.T.F.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.C., A.A.); Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.C., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (A.A.); Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA (N.M., M.S.A.); Center for Translational Imaging Analysis and Machine Learning, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (T.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (J.L.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, University Dusseldorf, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany (N.T.); University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (L.J.); DKFZ Division of Translational Neuro-oncology at the WTZ, German Cancer Consortium, DKTK Partner Site, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (L.J.); University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (S.M.); Visage Imaging, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA (M.D.L); Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.A.); IBSR consortium: Manpreet Kaur (Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany), Divya Ramakrishnan (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Khaled Bousabarah (Visage Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany), Nicolas Linder (University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany), Sarah M. Jacobs (Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands), Francesca Conti (Università di Roma -La Sapienza), Gabriel Cassinelli Petersen (University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany), Ujjwal Baid (Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA), Ichiro Ikuta (Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Phoenix, AZ), Fatima Memon (Carolina Radiology, Myrtle Beach, SC, USA), Claudia Kirsch (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Melissa Davis (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Spyridon Bakas (Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA)

From the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (M.V.R., K.L., K.T.F.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.C., A.A.); Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.C., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (A.A.); Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA (N.M., M.S.A.); Center for Translational Imaging Analysis and Machine Learning, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (T.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (J.L.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, University Dusseldorf, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany (N.T.); University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (L.J.); DKFZ Division of Translational Neuro-oncology at the WTZ, German Cancer Consortium, DKTK Partner Site, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (L.J.); University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (S.M.); Visage Imaging, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA (M.D.L); Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.A.); IBSR consortium: Manpreet Kaur (Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany), Divya Ramakrishnan (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Khaled Bousabarah (Visage Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany), Nicolas Linder (University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany), Sarah M. Jacobs (Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands), Francesca Conti (Università di Roma -La Sapienza), Gabriel Cassinelli Petersen (University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany), Ujjwal Baid (Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA), Ichiro Ikuta (Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Phoenix, AZ), Fatima Memon (Carolina Radiology, Myrtle Beach, SC, USA), Claudia Kirsch (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Melissa Davis (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Spyridon Bakas (Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA)

From the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (M.V.R., K.L., K.T.F.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.C., A.A.); Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.C., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (A.A.); Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA (N.M., M.S.A.); Center for Translational Imaging Analysis and Machine Learning, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (T.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (J.L.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, University Dusseldorf, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany (N.T.); University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (L.J.); DKFZ Division of Translational Neuro-oncology at the WTZ, German Cancer Consortium, DKTK Partner Site, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (L.J.); University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (S.M.); Visage Imaging, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA (M.D.L); Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.A.); IBSR consortium: Manpreet Kaur (Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany), Divya Ramakrishnan (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Khaled Bousabarah (Visage Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany), Nicolas Linder (University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany), Sarah M. Jacobs (Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands), Francesca Conti (Università di Roma -La Sapienza), Gabriel Cassinelli Petersen (University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany), Ujjwal Baid (Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA), Ichiro Ikuta (Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Phoenix, AZ), Fatima Memon (Carolina Radiology, Myrtle Beach, SC, USA), Claudia Kirsch (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Melissa Davis (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Spyridon Bakas (Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA)

From the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (M.V.R., K.L., K.T.F.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.C., A.A.); Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.C., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (A.A.); Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA (N.M., M.S.A.); Center for Translational Imaging Analysis and Machine Learning, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (T.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (J.L.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, University Dusseldorf, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany (N.T.); University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (L.J.); DKFZ Division of Translational Neuro-oncology at the WTZ, German Cancer Consortium, DKTK Partner Site, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (L.J.); University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (S.M.); Visage Imaging, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA (M.D.L); Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.A.); IBSR consortium: Manpreet Kaur (Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany), Divya Ramakrishnan (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Khaled Bousabarah (Visage Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany), Nicolas Linder (University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany), Sarah M. Jacobs (Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands), Francesca Conti (Università di Roma -La Sapienza), Gabriel Cassinelli Petersen (University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany), Ujjwal Baid (Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA), Ichiro Ikuta (Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Phoenix, AZ), Fatima Memon (Carolina Radiology, Myrtle Beach, SC, USA), Claudia Kirsch (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Melissa Davis (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Spyridon Bakas (Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA)

From the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (M.V.R., K.L., K.T.F.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.C., A.A.); Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.C., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (A.A.); Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA (N.M., M.S.A.); Center for Translational Imaging Analysis and Machine Learning, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (T.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (J.L.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, University Dusseldorf, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany (N.T.); University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (L.J.); DKFZ Division of Translational Neuro-oncology at the WTZ, German Cancer Consortium, DKTK Partner Site, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (L.J.); University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (S.M.); Visage Imaging, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA (M.D.L); Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.A.); IBSR consortium: Manpreet Kaur (Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany), Divya Ramakrishnan (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Khaled Bousabarah (Visage Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany), Nicolas Linder (University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany), Sarah M. Jacobs (Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands), Francesca Conti (Università di Roma -La Sapienza), Gabriel Cassinelli Petersen (University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany), Ujjwal Baid (Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA), Ichiro Ikuta (Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Phoenix, AZ), Fatima Memon (Carolina Radiology, Myrtle Beach, SC, USA), Claudia Kirsch (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Melissa Davis (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Spyridon Bakas (Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA)

From the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (M.V.R., K.L., K.T.F.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.C., A.A.); Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.C., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (A.A.); Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA (N.M., M.S.A.); Center for Translational Imaging Analysis and Machine Learning, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (T.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (J.L.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, University Dusseldorf, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany (N.T.); University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (L.J.); DKFZ Division of Translational Neuro-oncology at the WTZ, German Cancer Consortium, DKTK Partner Site, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (L.J.); University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (S.M.); Visage Imaging, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA (M.D.L); Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.A.); IBSR consortium: Manpreet Kaur (Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany), Divya Ramakrishnan (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Khaled Bousabarah (Visage Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany), Nicolas Linder (University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany), Sarah M. Jacobs (Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands), Francesca Conti (Università di Roma -La Sapienza), Gabriel Cassinelli Petersen (University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany), Ujjwal Baid (Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA), Ichiro Ikuta (Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Phoenix, AZ), Fatima Memon (Carolina Radiology, Myrtle Beach, SC, USA), Claudia Kirsch (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Melissa Davis (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Spyridon Bakas (Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA)

From the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (M.V.R., K.L., K.T.F.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.C., A.A.); Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.C., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (A.A.); Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA (N.M., M.S.A.); Center for Translational Imaging Analysis and Machine Learning, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (T.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (J.L.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, University Dusseldorf, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany (N.T.); University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (L.J.); DKFZ Division of Translational Neuro-oncology at the WTZ, German Cancer Consortium, DKTK Partner Site, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (L.J.); University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (S.M.); Visage Imaging, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA (M.D.L); Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.A.); IBSR consortium: Manpreet Kaur (Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany), Divya Ramakrishnan (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Khaled Bousabarah (Visage Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany), Nicolas Linder (University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany), Sarah M. Jacobs (Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands), Francesca Conti (Università di Roma -La Sapienza), Gabriel Cassinelli Petersen (University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany), Ujjwal Baid (Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA), Ichiro Ikuta (Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Phoenix, AZ), Fatima Memon (Carolina Radiology, Myrtle Beach, SC, USA), Claudia Kirsch (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Melissa Davis (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Spyridon Bakas (Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA)

From the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (M.V.R., K.L., K.T.F.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.C., A.A.); Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.C., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (A.A.); Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA (N.M., M.S.A.); Center for Translational Imaging Analysis and Machine Learning, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (T.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (J.L.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, University Dusseldorf, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany (N.T.); University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (L.J.); DKFZ Division of Translational Neuro-oncology at the WTZ, German Cancer Consortium, DKTK Partner Site, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (L.J.); University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (S.M.); Visage Imaging, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA (M.D.L); Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.A.); IBSR consortium: Manpreet Kaur (Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany), Divya Ramakrishnan (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Khaled Bousabarah (Visage Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany), Nicolas Linder (University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany), Sarah M. Jacobs (Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands), Francesca Conti (Università di Roma -La Sapienza), Gabriel Cassinelli Petersen (University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany), Ujjwal Baid (Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA), Ichiro Ikuta (Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Phoenix, AZ), Fatima Memon (Carolina Radiology, Myrtle Beach, SC, USA), Claudia Kirsch (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Melissa Davis (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Spyridon Bakas (Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA)

From the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (M.V.R., K.L., K.T.F.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.C., A.A.); Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.C., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (A.A.); Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA (N.M., M.S.A.); Center for Translational Imaging Analysis and Machine Learning, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (T.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (J.L.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, University Dusseldorf, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany (N.T.); University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (L.J.); DKFZ Division of Translational Neuro-oncology at the WTZ, German Cancer Consortium, DKTK Partner Site, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (L.J.); University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (S.M.); Visage Imaging, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA (M.D.L); Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.A.); IBSR consortium: Manpreet Kaur (Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany), Divya Ramakrishnan (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Khaled Bousabarah (Visage Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany), Nicolas Linder (University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany), Sarah M. Jacobs (Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands), Francesca Conti (Università di Roma -La Sapienza), Gabriel Cassinelli Petersen (University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany), Ujjwal Baid (Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA), Ichiro Ikuta (Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Phoenix, AZ), Fatima Memon (Carolina Radiology, Myrtle Beach, SC, USA), Claudia Kirsch (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Melissa Davis (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Spyridon Bakas (Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA)

From the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (M.V.R., K.L., K.T.F.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.C., A.A.); Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.C., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (A.A.); Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA (N.M., M.S.A.); Center for Translational Imaging Analysis and Machine Learning, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (T.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (J.L.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, University Dusseldorf, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany (N.T.); University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (L.J.); DKFZ Division of Translational Neuro-oncology at the WTZ, German Cancer Consortium, DKTK Partner Site, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (L.J.); University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (S.M.); Visage Imaging, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA (M.D.L); Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.A.); IBSR consortium: Manpreet Kaur (Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany), Divya Ramakrishnan (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Khaled Bousabarah (Visage Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany), Nicolas Linder (University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany), Sarah M. Jacobs (Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands), Francesca Conti (Università di Roma -La Sapienza), Gabriel Cassinelli Petersen (University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany), Ujjwal Baid (Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA), Ichiro Ikuta (Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Phoenix, AZ), Fatima Memon (Carolina Radiology, Myrtle Beach, SC, USA), Claudia Kirsch (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Melissa Davis (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Spyridon Bakas (Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA)

From the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (M.V.R., K.L., K.T.F.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.C., A.A.); Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.C., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (A.A.); Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA (N.M., M.S.A.); Center for Translational Imaging Analysis and Machine Learning, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (T.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (J.L.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, University Dusseldorf, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany (N.T.); University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (L.J.); DKFZ Division of Translational Neuro-oncology at the WTZ, German Cancer Consortium, DKTK Partner Site, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (L.J.); University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (S.M.); Visage Imaging, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA (M.D.L); Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.A.); IBSR consortium: Manpreet Kaur (Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany), Divya Ramakrishnan (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Khaled Bousabarah (Visage Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany), Nicolas Linder (University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany), Sarah M. Jacobs (Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands), Francesca Conti (Università di Roma -La Sapienza), Gabriel Cassinelli Petersen (University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany), Ujjwal Baid (Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA), Ichiro Ikuta (Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Phoenix, AZ), Fatima Memon (Carolina Radiology, Myrtle Beach, SC, USA), Claudia Kirsch (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Melissa Davis (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Spyridon Bakas (Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA)

From the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (M.V.R., K.L., K.T.F.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.C., A.A.); Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.C., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (A.A.); Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA (N.M., M.S.A.); Center for Translational Imaging Analysis and Machine Learning, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (T.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (J.L.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, University Dusseldorf, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany (N.T.); University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (L.J.); DKFZ Division of Translational Neuro-oncology at the WTZ, German Cancer Consortium, DKTK Partner Site, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (L.J.); University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (S.M.); Visage Imaging, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA (M.D.L); Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.A.); IBSR consortium: Manpreet Kaur (Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany), Divya Ramakrishnan (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Khaled Bousabarah (Visage Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany), Nicolas Linder (University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany), Sarah M. Jacobs (Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands), Francesca Conti (Università di Roma -La Sapienza), Gabriel Cassinelli Petersen (University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany), Ujjwal Baid (Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA), Ichiro Ikuta (Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Phoenix, AZ), Fatima Memon (Carolina Radiology, Myrtle Beach, SC, USA), Claudia Kirsch (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Melissa Davis (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Spyridon Bakas (Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA)

From the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (M.V.R., K.L., K.T.F.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.C., A.A.); Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.C., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (A.A.); Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA (N.M., M.S.A.); Center for Translational Imaging Analysis and Machine Learning, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (T.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (J.L.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, University Dusseldorf, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany (N.T.); University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (L.J.); DKFZ Division of Translational Neuro-oncology at the WTZ, German Cancer Consortium, DKTK Partner Site, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (L.J.); University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (S.M.); Visage Imaging, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA (M.D.L); Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.A.); IBSR consortium: Manpreet Kaur (Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany), Divya Ramakrishnan (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Khaled Bousabarah (Visage Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany), Nicolas Linder (University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany), Sarah M. Jacobs (Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands), Francesca Conti (Università di Roma -La Sapienza), Gabriel Cassinelli Petersen (University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany), Ujjwal Baid (Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA), Ichiro Ikuta (Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Phoenix, AZ), Fatima Memon (Carolina Radiology, Myrtle Beach, SC, USA), Claudia Kirsch (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Melissa Davis (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Spyridon Bakas (Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA)

From the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (M.V.R., K.L., K.T.F.); Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.C., A.A.); Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.C., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (A.A.); Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA (N.M., M.S.A.); Center for Translational Imaging Analysis and Machine Learning, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (T.Z.); Department of Neurosurgery, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (J.L.); Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, University Dusseldorf, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany (N.T.); University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (L.J.); DKFZ Division of Translational Neuro-oncology at the WTZ, German Cancer Consortium, DKTK Partner Site, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany (L.J.); University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (S.M.); Visage Imaging, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA (M.D.L); Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA (S.A.); IBSR consortium: Manpreet Kaur (Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany), Divya Ramakrishnan (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Khaled Bousabarah (Visage Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany), Nicolas Linder (University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany), Sarah M. Jacobs (Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands), Francesca Conti (Università di Roma -La Sapienza), Gabriel Cassinelli Petersen (University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany), Ujjwal Baid (Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA), Ichiro Ikuta (Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Phoenix, AZ), Fatima Memon (Carolina Radiology, Myrtle Beach, SC, USA), Claudia Kirsch (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Melissa Davis (Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA), Spyridon Bakas (Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA)