Skip to main content
Advertisement

Main menu

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current Issue
    • Accepted Manuscripts
    • Article Preview
    • Past Issue Archive
    • Video Articles
    • AJNR Case Collection
    • Case of the Week Archive
    • Case of the Month Archive
    • Classic Case Archive
  • Special Collections
    • AJNR Awards
    • Low-Field MRI
    • Alzheimer Disease
    • ASNR Foundation Special Collection
    • Photon-Counting CT
    • View All
  • Multimedia
    • AJNR Podcasts
    • AJNR SCANtastic
    • Trainee Corner
    • MRI Safety Corner
    • Imaging Protocols
  • For Authors
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Submit a Video Article
    • Submit an eLetter to the Editor/Response
    • Manuscript Submission Guidelines
    • Statistical Tips
    • Fast Publishing of Accepted Manuscripts
    • Graphical Abstract Preparation
    • Imaging Protocol Submission
    • Author Policies
  • About Us
    • About AJNR
    • Editorial Board
    • Editorial Board Alumni
  • More
    • Become a Reviewer/Academy of Reviewers
    • Subscribers
    • Permissions
    • Alerts
    • Feedback
    • Advertisers
    • ASNR Home

User menu

  • Alerts
  • Log in

Search

  • Advanced search
American Journal of Neuroradiology
American Journal of Neuroradiology

American Journal of Neuroradiology

ASHNR American Society of Functional Neuroradiology ASHNR American Society of Pediatric Neuroradiology ASSR
  • Alerts
  • Log in

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current Issue
    • Accepted Manuscripts
    • Article Preview
    • Past Issue Archive
    • Video Articles
    • AJNR Case Collection
    • Case of the Week Archive
    • Case of the Month Archive
    • Classic Case Archive
  • Special Collections
    • AJNR Awards
    • Low-Field MRI
    • Alzheimer Disease
    • ASNR Foundation Special Collection
    • Photon-Counting CT
    • View All
  • Multimedia
    • AJNR Podcasts
    • AJNR SCANtastic
    • Trainee Corner
    • MRI Safety Corner
    • Imaging Protocols
  • For Authors
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Submit a Video Article
    • Submit an eLetter to the Editor/Response
    • Manuscript Submission Guidelines
    • Statistical Tips
    • Fast Publishing of Accepted Manuscripts
    • Graphical Abstract Preparation
    • Imaging Protocol Submission
    • Author Policies
  • About Us
    • About AJNR
    • Editorial Board
    • Editorial Board Alumni
  • More
    • Become a Reviewer/Academy of Reviewers
    • Subscribers
    • Permissions
    • Alerts
    • Feedback
    • Advertisers
    • ASNR Home
  • Follow AJNR on Twitter
  • Visit AJNR on Facebook
  • Follow AJNR on Instagram
  • Join AJNR on LinkedIn
  • RSS Feeds

AJNR Awards, New Junior Editors, and more. Read the latest AJNR updates

Research ArticleAdult Brain

Does Gadolinium Deposition Lead to Metabolite Alteration in the Dentate Nucleus? An MRS Study in Patients with MS

M. Mohammadzadeh, S. Kolahi, M.-M. Mehrabi Nejad, K. Firouznia, H. Naghibi, A. Mohammadzadeh, M. Shakiba, F. Mohebi, H. Komaki, H. Sharifian, H. Hashemi, M.H. Harirchian, A. Azimi, M.E. Adin and D.M. Yousem
American Journal of Neuroradiology September 2022, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A7623
M. Mohammadzadeh
aFrom the Departments of Radiology (M.M., S.K., M.-M.M.N., K.F., H.N., M.S., H.S., H.H.)
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for M. Mohammadzadeh
S. Kolahi
aFrom the Departments of Radiology (M.M., S.K., M.-M.M.N., K.F., H.N., M.S., H.S., H.H.)
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for S. Kolahi
M.-M. Mehrabi Nejad
aFrom the Departments of Radiology (M.M., S.K., M.-M.M.N., K.F., H.N., M.S., H.S., H.H.)
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for M.-M. Mehrabi Nejad
K. Firouznia
aFrom the Departments of Radiology (M.M., S.K., M.-M.M.N., K.F., H.N., M.S., H.S., H.H.)
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for K. Firouznia
H. Naghibi
aFrom the Departments of Radiology (M.M., S.K., M.-M.M.N., K.F., H.N., M.S., H.S., H.H.)
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for H. Naghibi
A. Mohammadzadeh
cDepartment of Radiology (A.M.), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for A. Mohammadzadeh
M. Shakiba
aFrom the Departments of Radiology (M.M., S.K., M.-M.M.N., K.F., H.N., M.S., H.S., H.H.)
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for M. Shakiba
F. Mohebi
dHass School of Business (F.M.), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for F. Mohebi
H. Komaki
eKhoury College of Computer Sciences (H.K.), Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for H. Komaki
H. Sharifian
aFrom the Departments of Radiology (M.M., S.K., M.-M.M.N., K.F., H.N., M.S., H.S., H.H.)
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for H. Sharifian
H. Hashemi
aFrom the Departments of Radiology (M.M., S.K., M.-M.M.N., K.F., H.N., M.S., H.S., H.H.)
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for H. Hashemi
M.H. Harirchian
bNeurology (M.H.H., A.A.), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for M.H. Harirchian
A. Azimi
bNeurology (M.H.H., A.A.), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for A. Azimi
M.E. Adin
fDepartment of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.E.A.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for M.E. Adin
D.M. Yousem
gDepartment of Radiology (D.M.Y.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for D.M. Yousem
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • Responses
  • References
  • PDF
Loading

References

  1. 1.↵
    1. Mahad DH,
    2. Trapp BD,
    3. Lassmann H
    . Pathological mechanisms in progressive multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 2015;14:183–93 doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70256-X pmid:25772897
    CrossRefPubMed
  2. 2.↵
    1. Polman CH,
    2. Reingold SC,
    3. Banwell B, et al
    . Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria. Ann Neurol 2011;69:292–302 doi:10.1002/ana.22366 pmid:21387374
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  3. 3.↵
    1. Kanda T,
    2. Ishii K,
    3. Kawaguchi H, et al
    . High signal intensity in the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus on unenhanced T1-weighted MR images: relationship with increasing cumulative dose of a gadolinium-based contrast material. Radiology 2014;270:834–41 doi:10.1148/radiol.13131669 pmid:24475844
    CrossRefPubMed
  4. 4.↵
    1. Roccatagliata L,
    2. Vuolo L,
    3. Bonzano L, et al
    . Multiple sclerosis: hyperintense dentate nucleus on unenhanced T1-weighted MR images is associated with the secondary progressive subtype. Radiology 2009;251:503–10 doi:10.1148/radiol.2511081269 pmid:19401576
    CrossRefPubMed
  5. 5.↵
    1. Dekkers IA,
    2. Roos R,
    3. van der Molen AJ
    . Gadolinium retention after administration of contrast agents based on linear chelators and the recommendations of the European Medicines Agency. Eur Radiol 2018;28:1579–84 doi:10.1007/s00330-017-5065-8 pmid:29063255
    CrossRefPubMed
  6. 6.↵
    1. Guo BJ,
    2. Yang ZL,
    3. Zhang LJ
    . Gadolinium deposition in brain: current scientific evidence and future perspectives. Front Mol Neurosci 2018;11:335 doi:10.3389/fnmol.2018.00335 pmid:30294259
    CrossRefPubMed
  7. 7.↵
    1. Cao Y,
    2. Huang DQ,
    3. Shih G, et al
    . Signal change in the dentate nucleus on T1-weighted MR images after multiple administrations of gadopentetate dimeglumine versus gadobutrol. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2016;206:414–19 doi:10.2214/AJR.15.15327 pmid:26700156
    CrossRefPubMed
  8. 8.↵
    1. Ozturk K,
    2. Nascene D
    . Effect of at least 10 serial gadobutrol administrations on brain signal intensity ratios on T1-weighted MRI in children: a matched case-control study. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2021;217:753–60 doi:10.2214/AJR.20.24536 pmid:33112200
    CrossRefPubMed
  9. 9.↵
    1. Splendiani A,
    2. Corridore A,
    3. Torlone S, et al
    . Visible T1-hyperintensity of the dentate nucleus after multiple administrations of macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agents: yes or no? Insights Imaging 2019;10:1–10 doi:10.1186/s13244-019-0767-x pmid:31482392
    CrossRefPubMed
  10. 10.↵
    1. Hu HH,
    2. Pokorney A,
    3. Towbin RB, et al
    . Increased signal intensities in the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus on unenhanced T1-weighted images: evidence in children undergoing multiple gadolinium MRI exams. Pediatr Radiol 2016;46:1590–98 doi:10.1007/s00247-016-3646-3 pmid:27282825
    CrossRefPubMed
  11. 11.↵
    1. Flood TF,
    2. Stence NV,
    3. Maloney JA, et al
    . Pediatric brain: repeated exposure to linear gadolinium-based contrast material is associated with increased signal intensity at unenhanced T1-weighted MR imaging. Radiology 2017;282:222–28 doi:10.1148/radiol.2016160356 pmid:27467467
    CrossRefPubMed
  12. 12.↵
    1. Adin M,
    2. Kleinberg L,
    3. Vaidya D, et al
    . Hyperintense dentate nuclei on T1-weighted MRI: relation to repeat gadolinium administration. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2015;36:1859–65 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A4378 pmid:26294649
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  13. 13.↵
    1. Kuno H,
    2. Jara H,
    3. Buch K, et al
    . Global and regional brain assessment with quantitative MR imaging in patients with prior exposure to linear gadolinium-based contrast agents. Radiology 2017;283:195–204 doi:10.1148/radiol.2016160674 pmid:27797676
    CrossRefPubMed
  14. 14.↵
    1. Zhang Y,
    2. Cao Y,
    3. Shih GL, et al
    . Extent of signal hyperintensity on unenhanced T1-weighted brain MR images after more than 35 administrations of linear gadolinium-based contrast agents. Radiology 2017;282:516–25 doi:10.1148/radiol.2016152864 pmid:27513848
    CrossRefPubMed
  15. 15.↵
    1. Stojanov DA,
    2. Aracki-Trenkic A,
    3. Vojinovic S, et al
    . Increasing signal intensity within the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus on unenhanced T1W magnetic resonance images in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: correlation with cumulative dose of a macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agent, gadobutrol. Eur Radiol 2016;26:807–15 doi:10.1007/s00330-015-3879-9 pmid:26105022
    CrossRefPubMed
  16. 16.↵
    1. Tanaka M,
    2. Nakahara K,
    3. Kinoshita M
    . Increased signal intensity in the dentate nucleus of patients with multiple sclerosis in comparison with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder after multiple doses of gadolinium contrast. Eur Neurol 2016;75:195–98 doi:10.1159/000445431 pmid:27054693
    CrossRefPubMed
  17. 17.↵
    1. Kanda T,
    2. Oba H,
    3. Toyoda K, et al
    . Brain gadolinium deposition after administration of gadolinium-based contrast agents. Jpn J Radiol 2016;34:3–9 doi:10.1007/s11604-015-0503-5 pmid:26608061
    CrossRefPubMed
  18. 18.↵
    1. Stagg C,
    2. Rothman D
    . Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Tools for Neuroscience Research and Emerging Clinical Applications. Academic Press; 2014
  19. 19.↵
    1. Feng X,
    2. Xia Q,
    3. Yuan L, et al
    . Impaired mitochondrial function and oxidative stress in rat cortical neurons: implications for gadolinium-induced neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology 2010;31:391–98 doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2010.04.003 pmid:20398695
    CrossRefPubMed
  20. 20.↵
    1. Denmark D,
    2. Ruhoy I,
    3. Wittmann B, et al
    . Altered plasma mitochondrial metabolites in persistently symptomatic individuals after a GBCA-assisted MRI. Toxics 2022;10:56 doi:10.3390/toxics10020056 pmid:35202243
    CrossRefPubMed
  21. 21.↵
    1. Lange T,
    2. Dydak U,
    3. Roberts T, et al
    . Pitfalls in lactate measurements at 3T. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006;27:895–901 pmid:16611787
    PubMedWeb of Science
  22. 22.↵
    1. McDonald RJ,
    2. McDonald JS,
    3. Kallmes DF, et al
    . Gadolinium deposition in human brain tissues after contrast-enhanced MR imaging in adult patients without intracranial abnormalities. Radiology 2017;285:546–54 doi:10.1148/radiol.2017161595 pmid:28653860
    CrossRefPubMed
  23. 23.↵
    1. McDonald RJ,
    2. McDonald JS,
    3. Kallmes DF, et al
    . Intracranial gadolinium deposition after contrast-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 2015;275:772–82 doi:10.1148/radiol.15150025 pmid:25742194
    CrossRefPubMed
  24. 24.↵
    1. Ariyani W,
    2. Iwasaki T,
    3. Miyazaki W, et al
    . Effects of gadolinium-based contrast agents on thyroid hormone receptor action and thyroid hormone-induced cerebellar Purkinje cell morphogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016;7:115 doi:10.3389/fendo.2016.00115 pmid:27617003
    CrossRefPubMed
  25. 25.
    1. Bower DV,
    2. Richter JK,
    3. von Tengg-Kobligk H, et al
    . Gadolinium-based MRI contrast agents induce mitochondrial toxicity and cell death in human neurons, and toxicity increases with reduced kinetic stability of the agent. Invest Radiol 2019;54:453–63 pmid:31265439
    CrossRefPubMed
  26. 26.↵
    1. Feng XD,
    2. Xia Q,
    3. Yuan L, et al
    . Gadolinium triggers unfolded protein responses (UPRs) in primary cultured rat cortical astrocytes via promotion of an influx of extracellular Ca 2. +. Cell Biol Toxicol 2011;27:1–12 doi:10.1007/s10565-010-9166-2 pmid:20419501
    CrossRefPubMed
  27. 27.↵
    1. Mallio CA,
    2. Rovira À,
    3. Parizel PM, et al
    . Exposure to gadolinium and neurotoxicity: current status of preclinical and clinical studies. Neuroradiology 2020;62:925–34 doi:10.1007/s00234-020-02434-8 pmid:32318773
    CrossRefPubMed
  28. 28.↵
    1. Bauer K,
    2. Lathrum A,
    3. Raslan O, et al
    . Do gadolinium-based contrast agents affect 18F-FDG PET/CT uptake in the dentate nucleus and the globus pallidus? A pilot study. J Nucl Med Technol 2017;45:30–33 doi:10.2967/jnmt.116.180844 pmid:27834725
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  29. 29.↵
    1. Kreider RB,
    2. Stout JR
    . Creatine in health and disease. Nutrients 2021;13:447 doi:10.3390/nu13020447 pmid:33572884
    CrossRefPubMed
  30. 30.↵
    1. Schlattner U,
    2. Tokarska-Schlattner M,
    3. Wallimann T
    . Mitochondrial creatine kinase in human health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta 2006;1762:164–80 doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2005.09.004 pmid:16236486
    CrossRefPubMed
  31. 31.↵
    1. Dienel GA
    . Brain glucose metabolism: integration of energetics with function. Physiol Rev 2019;99:949–1045 doi:10.1152/physrev.00062.2017 pmid:30565508
    CrossRefPubMed
  32. 32.
    1. Chen Y,
    2. Fry BC,
    3. Layton AT
    . Modeling glucose metabolism and lactate production in the kidney. Math Biosci 2017;289:116–29 doi:10.1016/j.mbs.2017.04.008 pmid:28495544
    CrossRefPubMed
  33. 33.↵
    1. Falkowska A,
    2. Gutowska I,
    3. Goschorska M, et al
    . Energy metabolism of the brain, including the cooperation between astrocytes and neurons, especially in the context of glycogen metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2015;16:25959–81 doi:10.3390/ijms161125939 pmid:26528968
    CrossRefPubMed
  34. 34.↵
    1. Edmond J,
    2. Popjak G
    . Transfer of carbon atoms from mevalonate to n-fatty acids. J Biol Chem 1974;249:66–71 pmid:4809631
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  35. 35.↵
    1. Kopito R,
    2. Murray DM,
    3. Story DL, et al
    . The shunt pathway of mevalonate metabolism in the isolated perfused rat kidney. J Biol Chem 1984;259:372–77 pmid:6706942
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  36. 36.↵
    1. Villalba H,
    2. Shah K,
    3. Albekairi TH, et al
    . Potential role of myo-inositol to improve ischemic stroke outcome in diabetic mouse. Brain Res 2018;1699:166–76 doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2018.08.028 pmid:30165043
    CrossRefPubMed
  37. 37.↵
    1. Uldry M,
    2. Ibberson M,
    3. Horisberger JD, et al
    . Identification of a mammalian H+‐myo‐inositol symporter expressed predominantly in the brain. EMBO J 2001;20:4467–77 doi:10.1093/emboj/20.16.4467 pmid:11500374
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  38. 38.↵
    1. Knight LS,
    2. Piibe Q,
    3. Lambie I, et al
    . Betaine in the brain: characterization of betaine uptake, its influence on other osmolytes and its potential role in neuroprotection from osmotic stress. Neurochem Res 2017;42:3490–3503 doi:10.1007/s11064-017-2397-3 pmid:28918494
    CrossRefPubMed
  39. 39.↵
    1. Videen JS,
    2. Michaelis T,
    3. Pinto P, et al
    . Human cerebral osmolytes during chronic hyponatremia: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. J Clin Invest 1995;95:788–93 doi:10.1172/JCI117728 pmid:7860762
    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  40. 40.↵
    1. Ray D,
    2. Cavanagh J,
    3. Nolan C, et al
    . Neurotoxic effects of gadopentetate dimeglumine: behavioral disturbance and morphology after intracerebroventricular injection in rats. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1996;17:365–73 pmid:8938312
    PubMed
  41. 41.↵
    1. Roman-Goldstein S,
    2. Barnett P,
    3. McCormick C, et al
    . Effects of gadopentetate dimeglumine administration after osmotic blood-brain barrier disruption: toxicity and MR imaging findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1991;12:885–90 pmid:1950917
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  42. 42.↵
    1. Forslin Y,
    2. Shams S,
    3. Hashim F, et al
    . Retention of gadolinium-based contrast agents in multiple sclerosis: retrospective analysis of an 18-year longitudinal study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2017;38:1311–16 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A5211 pmid:28495943
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  43. 43.↵
    1. Forslin Y,
    2. Martola J,
    3. Bergendal Å, et al
    . Gadolinium retention in the brain: an MRI relaxometry study of linear and macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agents in multiple sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2019;40:1265–73 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A6112 pmid:31248867
    Abstract/FREE Full Text
  44. 44.↵
    1. Arevalo O,
    2. Riascos R,
    3. Rabiei P, et al
    . Standardizing magnetic resonance imaging protocols, requisitions, and reports in multiple sclerosis: an update for radiologist based on 2017 Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis and 2018 Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centers Consensus Guidelines. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2019;43:1–12 doi:10.1097/RCT.0000000000000767 pmid:30015803
    CrossRefPubMed
PreviousNext
Back to top
Advertisement
Print
Download PDF
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on American Journal of Neuroradiology.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Does Gadolinium Deposition Lead to Metabolite Alteration in the Dentate Nucleus? An MRS Study in Patients with MS
(Your Name) has sent you a message from American Journal of Neuroradiology
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the American Journal of Neuroradiology web site.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Cite this article
M. Mohammadzadeh, S. Kolahi, M.-M. Mehrabi Nejad, K. Firouznia, H. Naghibi, A. Mohammadzadeh, M. Shakiba, F. Mohebi, H. Komaki, H. Sharifian, H. Hashemi, M.H. Harirchian, A. Azimi, M.E. Adin, D.M. Yousem
Does Gadolinium Deposition Lead to Metabolite Alteration in the Dentate Nucleus? An MRS Study in Patients with MS
American Journal of Neuroradiology Sep 2022, DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A7623

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
0 Responses
Respond to this article
Share
Bookmark this article
Does Gadolinium Deposition Lead to Metabolite Alteration in the Dentate Nucleus? An MRS Study in Patients with MS
M. Mohammadzadeh, S. Kolahi, M.-M. Mehrabi Nejad, K. Firouznia, H. Naghibi, A. Mohammadzadeh, M. Shakiba, F. Mohebi, H. Komaki, H. Sharifian, H. Hashemi, M.H. Harirchian, A. Azimi, M.E. Adin, D.M. Yousem
American Journal of Neuroradiology Sep 2022, DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A7623
del.icio.us logo Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One
Purchase

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • ABBREVIATIONS:
    • MATERIALS AND METHODS
    • RESULTS
    • DISCUSSION
    • CONCLUSIONS
    • Acknowledgment
    • Footnotes
    • References
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • Responses
  • References
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • No related articles found.
  • PubMed
  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • No citing articles found.
  • Crossref (1)
  • Google Scholar

This article has been cited by the following articles in journals that are participating in Crossref Cited-by Linking.

  • Response
    Cherry Kim, Bum Sik Tae, Do-Young Kwon, Young Hen Lee
    Investigative Radiology 2025

More in this TOC Section

  • Diagnostic Neuroradiology of Monoclonal Antibodies
  • Clinical Outcomes After Chiari I Decompression
  • Segmentation of Brain Metastases with BLAST
Show more Adult Brain

Similar Articles

Advertisement

Indexed Content

  • Current Issue
  • Accepted Manuscripts
  • Article Preview
  • Past Issues
  • Editorials
  • Editor's Choice
  • Fellows' Journal Club
  • Letters to the Editor
  • Video Articles

Cases

  • Case Collection
  • Archive - Case of the Week
  • Archive - Case of the Month
  • Archive - Classic Case

More from AJNR

  • Trainee Corner
  • Imaging Protocols
  • MRI Safety Corner
  • Book Reviews

Multimedia

  • AJNR Podcasts
  • AJNR Scantastics

Resources

  • Turnaround Time
  • Submit a Manuscript
  • Submit a Video Article
  • Submit an eLetter to the Editor/Response
  • Manuscript Submission Guidelines
  • Statistical Tips
  • Fast Publishing of Accepted Manuscripts
  • Graphical Abstract Preparation
  • Imaging Protocol Submission
  • Evidence-Based Medicine Level Guide
  • Publishing Checklists
  • Author Policies
  • Become a Reviewer/Academy of Reviewers
  • News and Updates

About Us

  • About AJNR
  • Editorial Board
  • Editorial Board Alumni
  • Alerts
  • Permissions
  • Not an AJNR Subscriber? Join Now
  • Advertise with Us
  • Librarian Resources
  • Feedback
  • Terms and Conditions
  • AJNR Editorial Board Alumni

American Society of Neuroradiology

  • Not an ASNR Member? Join Now

© 2025 by the American Society of Neuroradiology All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.
Print ISSN: 0195-6108 Online ISSN: 1936-959X

Powered by HighWire