Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIG 1.
The FU2BL-GAN global architecture (asterisk). The follow-up (FU) NCCT with lesion is clipped between Hounsfield unit ranges of 0−100 and 100−1000 and normalized to (−1) (double asterisks). The original BL NCCT is only clipped between 0 and 100 HU and normalized to (−1). The FU NCCT with a lesion is passed through the generator network to compute a difference map. This difference map is subtracted from the input FU NCCT to construct a generated BL NCCT. Original BL and generated BL are optimized on the basis of the absolute voxelwise difference (L1-loss) and the binary cross-entropy loss (adversarial-loss) of the discriminator networks classification (original or generated BL).
- FIG 2.
Patients included in the training, validation, and test sets. The training data consisted of a BL and at least 1 follow-up (FU) NCCT. FU of <8 hours: FU NCCT acquired within 8 hours; FU 24H: FU NCCT acquired 8–72 hours; FU 1W: FU NCCT acquired 72 hours to 2 weeks after endovascular treatment or randomization. Validation and test sets were constructed with data from the studies by Konduri et al18 and Hssayeni et al.19 8H indicates 8 hours.
- FIG 3.
Dice similarity coefficients of test sets: 24-hour follow-up after AIS (24H infarct), 1-week follow-up after AIS (1W infarct), HT, and PrH. A, The results of all the test set data. B, Only results from lesions that are >10 mL. Each shade of color represents the results based on the supervised nnUnet approach, the FU2BL-GAN approach trained with L1+adv, and the generator trained with L1-loss only (L1) respectively. The Asterisk indicates P < .05; double asterisks, P < .001; triple asterisks, P < 1e-10; NS, nonsignificant difference.
- FIG 4.
Bland-Altman plots of predicted lesion size for the FU2BL-GAN. A, 24H infarct follow-up. B, 1W infarct follow-up. C, HT. D, PrH.
- FIG 5.
Visual results of the FU2BL-GAN. The first column contains the input NCCT with lesion used as input for the generator model to generate a difference map (column 2). The difference map is subtracted from the input NCCT (column 1) to obtain a generated BL scan (column 3). The negative (blue) and positive (red) values of the difference map correspond to the deviation of the difference map from zero. A higher deviation from zero implies a higher attenuation adjustment of the follow-up NCCT to generate the BL NCCT without a lesion. Column 4 contains the ground truth lesion annotations. Arrows show false-positive hemorrhage (rows 3 and 4), false-negative infarct (row 5, upper arrow), false-positive infarct (row 5, lower arrow), and false-negative hemorrhage segmentation (arrow, row 6).
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