MR Imaging Features of Anaplastic Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma Mimicking High-Grade Astrocytoma

References

1. 1.↵
   2. Rao AA,
   3. Laack NN,
   4. Giannini C, et al

   . Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma in children and adolescents. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010;55:290–94 doi:10.1002/pbc.22490 pmid:20582976

   CrossRefPubMed
2. 2.↵
   2. Kepes JJ,
   3. Rubinstein LJ,
   4. Eng LF

   . Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: a distinctive meningocerebral glioma of young subjects with relatively favorable prognosis—a study of 12 cases. Cancer 1979;44:1839–52 pmid:498051

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
3. 3.↵
   2. Kleihues P,
   3. Burger PC,
   4. Scheithauer BW

   . The new WHO classification of brain tumours. Brain Pathol 1993;3:255–68 doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.1993.tb00752.x pmid:8293185

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
4. 4.↵
   2. Louis DN,
   3. Ohgaki H,
   4. Wiestler OD, et al

   . The 2007 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol 2007;114:97–109 doi:10.1007/s00401-007-0243-4 pmid:17618441

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
5. 5.↵
   2. Ida CM,
   3. Rodriguez FJ,
   4. Burger PC, et al

   . Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: natural history and long-term follow-up. Brain Pathol 2015;25:575–86 doi:10.1111/bpa.12217 pmid:25318587

   CrossRefPubMed
6. 6.↵
   2. Hirose T,
   3. Ishizawa K,
   4. Sugiyama K, et al

   . Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: a comparative pathological study between conventional and anaplastic types. Histopathology 2008;52:183–93 pmid:18184267

   PubMedWeb of Science
7. 7.↵
   2. Giannini C,
   3. Scheithauer BW,
   4. Burger PC, et al

   . Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: what do we really know about it? Cancer 1999;85:2033–45 pmid:10223246

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
8. 8.↵
   2. Louis DN,
   3. Perry A,
   4. Reifenberger G, et al

   . The 2016 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: a summary. Acta Neuropathol 2016;131:803–20 doi:10.1007/s00401-016-1545-1 pmid:27157931

   CrossRefPubMed
9. 9.↵
   2. Wesseling P,
   3. Capper D

   . WHO 2016 classification of gliomas. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2018;44:139–50 doi:10.1111/nan.12432 pmid:28815663

   CrossRefPubMed
10. 10.↵
    2. Marton E,
    3. Feletti A,
    4. Orvieto E, et al

    . Malignant progression in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: personal experience and review of the literature. J Neurol Sci 2007;252:144–53 doi:10.1016/j.jns.2006.11.008 pmid:17189643

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
11. 11.↵
    2. Rutkowski MJ,
    3. Oh T,
    4. Niflioglu GG, et al

    . Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with anaplastic features: retrospective case series. World Neurosurg 2016;95:368–74 doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2016.07.068 pmid:27476694

    CrossRefPubMed
12. 12.↵
    2. Kahramancetin N,
    3. Tihan T

    . Aggressive behavior and anaplasia in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: a plea for a revision of the current WHO classification. CNS Oncol 2013;2:523–30 doi:10.2217/cns.13.56 pmid:25054822

    CrossRefPubMed
13. 13.↵
    2. Tonse R,
    3. Gupta T,
    4. Epari S, et al

    . Impact of WHO 2016 update of brain tumor classification, molecular markers and clinical outcomes in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. J Neurooncol 2018;136:343–50 doi:10.1007/s11060-017-2658-7 pmid:29147864

    CrossRefPubMed
14. 14.↵
    2. Moore W,
    3. Mathis D,
    4. Gargan L, et al

    . Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma of childhood: MR imaging and diffusion MR imaging features. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2014;35:2192–96 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A4011 pmid:24994821

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
15. 15.↵
    2. Gonçalves VT,
    3. Reis F,
    4. Queiroz Lde S, et al

    . Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: magnetic resonance imaging findings in a series of cases with histopathological confirmation. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2013;71:35–39 doi:10.1590/S0004-282X2012005000016 pmid:23249973

    CrossRefPubMed
16. 16.↵
    2. Yu S,
    3. He L,
    4. Zhuang X, et al

    . Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: MR imaging findings in 19 patients. Acta Radiol 2011;52:223–28 doi:10.1258/ar.2010.100221 pmid:21498352

    CrossRefPubMed
17. 17.↵
    2. Crespo-Rodriguez AM,
    3. Smirniotopoulos JG,
    4. Rushing EJ

    . MR and CT imaging of 24 pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas (PXA) and a review of the literature. Neuroradiology 2007;49:307–15 doi:10.1007/s00234-006-0191-z pmid:17205313

    CrossRefPubMed
18. 18.↵
    2. Bucciero A,
    3. De Caro M,
    4. De Stefano V, et al

    . Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: clinical, imaging and pathological features of four cases. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1997;99:40–45 doi:10.1016/S0303-8467(96)00560-4 pmid:9107467

    CrossRefPubMed
19. 19.↵
    2. Tien RD,
    3. Cardenas CA,
    4. Rajagopalan S

    . Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma of the brain: MR findings in six patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1992;159:1287–90 doi:10.2214/ajr.159.6.1442403 pmid:1442403

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
20. 20.↵
    2. Lim S,
    3. Kim JH,
    4. Kim SA, et al

    . Prognostic factors and therapeutic outcomes in 22 patients with pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2013;53:281–87 doi:10.3340/jkns.2013.53.5.281 pmid:23908701

    CrossRefPubMed
21. 21.↵
    2. Patibandla MR,
    3. Nayak M,
    4. Purohit AK, et al

    . Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with anaplastic features: a rare case report and review of literature with reference to current management. Asian J Neurosurg 2016;11:319 doi:10.4103/1793-5482.144161 pmid:27366280

    CrossRefPubMed
22. 22.↵
    2. Tekkök IH,
    3. Sav A

    . Anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas: review of the literature with reference to malignancy potential. Pediatr Neurosurg 2004;40:171–81 doi:10.1159/000081935 pmid:15608490

    CrossRefPubMed
23. 23.↵
    2. Lubansu A,
    3. Rorive S,
    4. David P, et al

    . Cerebral anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with meningeal dissemination at first presentation. Childs Nerv Syst 2004;20:119–22 doi:10.1007/s00381-003-0854-6 pmid:14669022

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
24. 24.↵
    2. Chang HT,
    3. Latorre JG,
    4. Hahn S, et al

    . Pediatric cerebellar pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with anaplastic features: a case of long-term survival after multimodality therapy. Childs Nerv Syst 2006;22:609–13 doi:10.1007/s00381-005-0005-3 pmid:16570197

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
25. 25.↵
    2. Nakajima T,
    3. Kumabe T,
    4. Shamoto H, et al

    . Malignant transformation of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2006;148:67–71; discussion 71 doi:10.1007/s00701-005-0549-8 pmid:15912255

    CrossRefPubMed
26. 26.↵
    2. Fu YJ,
    3. Miyahara H,
    4. Uzuka T, et al

    . Intraventricular pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with anaplastic features. Neuropathology 2010;30:443–48 doi:10.1111/j.1440-1789.2009.01080.x pmid:20051018

    CrossRefPubMed
27. 27.↵
    2. Xing Z,
    3. Yang X,
    4. She D, et al

    . Noninvasive assessment of IDH mutational status in World Health Organization grade II and III astrocytomas using DWI and DSC-PWI combined with conventional MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2017;38:1138–44 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A5171 pmid:28450436

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
28. 28.↵
    2. Koga T,
    3. Morita A,
    4. Maruyama K, et al

    . Long-term control of disseminated pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with anaplastic features by means of stereotactic irradiation. Neuro Oncol 2009;11:446–51 doi:10.1215/15228517-2008-112 pmid:19164434

    CrossRefPubMed
29. 29.↵
    2. Okazaki T,
    3. Kageji T,
    4. Matsuzaki K, et al

    . Primary anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with widespread neuroaxis dissemination at diagnosis: a pediatric case report and review of the literature. J Neurooncol 2009;94:431–37 doi:10.1007/s11060-009-9876-6 pmid:19326050

    CrossRefPubMed
30. 30.↵
    2. Tsutsumi S,
    3. Abe Y,
    4. Yasumoto Y, et al

    . Anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with a component of anaplastic astrocytoma presenting as skull base tumor followed by downward extracranial extension: case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2010;50:1108–12 doi:10.2176/nmc.50.1108 pmid:21206189

    CrossRefPubMed
31. 31.↵
    2. Vu TM,
    3. Liubinas SV,
    4. Gonzales M, et al

    . Malignant potential of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. J Clin Neurosci 2012;19:12–20 doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2011.07.015 pmid:22137880

    CrossRefPubMed
32. 32.↵
    2. Montano N,
    3. Papacci F,
    4. Cioni B, et al

    . Primary multicentric anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with atypical features. J Clin Neurosci 2013;20:1605–08 doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2012.09.046 pmid:23827171

    CrossRefPubMed
33. 33.↵
    2. Benjamin C,
    3. Faustin A,
    4. Snuderl M, et al

    . Anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with spinal leptomeningeal spread at the time of diagnosis in an adult. J Clin Neurosci 2015;22:1370–73 doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2015.02.026 pmid:25934112

    CrossRefPubMed
34. 34.↵
    2. Choudry UK,
    3. Khan SA,
    4. Qureshi A, et al

    . Primary anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma in adults: case report and review of literature. Int J Surg Case Rep 2016;27:183–88 doi:10.1016/j.ijscr.2016.08.022 pmid:27639203

    CrossRefPubMed
35. 35.↵
    2. Thara K,
    3. Sharma R,
    4. Thiagarajan G, et al

    . Anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma in a case of neurofibromatosis type 1: a case report. J Clin Diagn Res 2017;11:ED23–24 doi:10.7860/JCDR/2017/26685.9713 pmid:28571159

    CrossRefPubMed
36. 36.↵
    2. Wu X,
    3. Bandopadhayay P,
    4. Ng J, et al

    . The evolution of the histology in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas in children: a study of 15 cases. Pathology 2011;43:9–16 doi:10.1097/PAT.0b013e328340bb98 pmid:21240059

    CrossRefPubMed
37. 37.↵
    2. Perkins SM,
    3. Mitra N,
    4. Fei W, et al

    . Patterns of care and outcomes of patients with pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: a SEER analysis. J Neurooncol 2012;110:99–104 doi:10.1007/s11060-012-0939-8 pmid:22843450

    CrossRefPubMed
38. 38.↵
    2. Ostrom QT,
    3. Gittleman H,
    4. Liao P, et al

    . CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2010–2014. Neuro Oncol 2017;19:v1–88 doi:10.1093/neuonc/nox158 pmid:29117289

    CrossRefPubMed
39. 39.↵
    2. Thakkar JP,
    3. Dolecek TA,
    4. Horbinski C, et al

    . Epidemiologic and molecular prognostic review of glioblastoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23:1985–96 doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-14-0275 pmid:25053711

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
40. 40.↵
    2. Rasmussen BK,
    3. Hansen S,
    4. Laursen RJ, et al

    . Epidemiology of glioma: clinical characteristics, symptoms, and predictors of glioma patients grade I-IV in the Danish Neuro-Oncology Registry. J Neurooncol 2017;135:571–79 doi:10.1007/s11060-017-2607-5 pmid:28861666

    CrossRefPubMed
41. 41.↵
    2. Gallo P,
    3. Cecchi PC,
    4. Locatelli F, et al

    . Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: long-term results of surgical treatment and analysis of prognostic factors. Br J Neurosurg 2013;27:759–64 doi:10.3109/02688697.2013.776666 pmid:23514331

    CrossRefPubMed
42. 42.↵
    2. Katayama K,
    3. Asano K,
    4. Shimamura N, et al

    . Case of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with anaplastic features in the pineal gland. Brain Tumor Pathol 2013;30:242–46 doi:10.1007/s10014-013-0137-1 pmid:23460303

    CrossRefPubMed
43. 43.↵
    2. Barajas RF Jr.,
    3. Phillips JJ,
    4. Parvataneni R, et al

    . Regional variation in histopathologic features of tumor specimens from treatment-naive glioblastoma correlates with anatomic and physiologic MR imaging. Neuro Oncol 2012;14:942–54 doi:10.1093/neuonc/nos128 pmid:22711606

    CrossRefPubMed
44. 44.↵
    2. Konukoglu E,
    3. Clatz O,
    4. Bondiau PY, et al

    . Extrapolating glioma invasion margin in brain magnetic resonance images: suggesting new irradiation margins. Med Image Anal 2010;14:111–25 doi:10.1016/j.media.2009.11.005 pmid:20042359

    CrossRefPubMed
45. 45.↵
    2. Sugahara T,
    3. Korogi Y,
    4. Kochi M, et al

    . Usefulness of diffusion-weighted MRI with echo-planar technique in the evaluation of cellularity in gliomas. J Magn Reson Imaging 1999;9:53–60 pmid:10030650

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
46. 46.↵
    2. Zeng Q,
    3. Dong F,
    4. Shi F, et al

    . Apparent diffusion coefficient maps obtained from high b value diffusion-weighted imaging in the preoperative evaluation of gliomas at 3T: comparison with standard b value diffusion-weighted imaging. Eur Radiol 2017;27:5309–15 doi:10.1007/s00330-017-4910-0 pmid:28639047

    CrossRefPubMed
47. 47.↵
    2. Higano S,
    3. Yun X,
    4. Kumabe T, et al

    . Malignant astrocytic tumors: clinical importance of apparent diffusion coefficient in prediction of grade and prognosis. Radiology 2006;241:839–46 doi:10.1148/radiol.2413051276 pmid:17032910

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
48. 48.↵
    2. Price SJ,
    3. Green HA,
    4. Dean AF, et al

    . Correlation of MR relative cerebral blood volume measurements with cellular density and proliferation in high-grade gliomas: an image-guided biopsy study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2011;32:501–06 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A2312 pmid:21163880

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
49. 49.↵
    2. Sugahara T,
    3. Korogi Y,
    4. Kochi M, et al

    . Correlation of MR imaging-determined cerebral blood volume maps with histologic and angiographic determination of vascularity of gliomas. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998;171:1479–86 doi:10.2214/ajr.171.6.9843274 pmid:9843274

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
50. 50.↵
    2. Bisdas S,
    3. Kirkpatrick M,
    4. Giglio P, et al

    . Cerebral blood volume measurements by perfusion-weighted MR imaging in gliomas: ready for prime time in predicting short-term outcome and recurrent disease? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2009;30:681–88 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A1465 pmid:19179427

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
51. 51.↵
    2. Delgado AF,
    3. Delgado AF

    . Discrimination between glioma grades II and III using dynamic susceptibility perfusion MRI: a meta-analysis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2017;38:1348–55 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A5218 pmid:28522666

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
52. 52.↵
    2. Law M,
    3. Yang S,
    4. Wang H, et al

    . Glioma grading: sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of perfusion MR imaging and proton MR spectroscopic imaging compared with conventional MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2003;24:1989–98 pmid:14625221

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
53. 53.↵
    2. Jain R,
    3. Griffith B,
    4. Alotaibi F, et al

    . Glioma angiogenesis and perfusion imaging: understanding the relationship between tumor blood volume and leakiness with increasing glioma grade. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2015;36:2030–35 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A4405 pmid:26206809

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
54. 54.↵
    2. Wang XC,
    3. Zhang H,
    4. Tan Y, et al

    . Combined value of susceptibility-weighted and perfusion-weighted imaging in assessing WHO grade for brain astrocytomas. J Magn Reson Imaging 2014;39:1569–74 doi:10.1002/jmri.24312 pmid:24987755

    CrossRefPubMed