Brain Diffusion Abnormalities in Children with Tension-Type and Migraine-Type Headaches

American Journal of Neuroradiology

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FIGURE.
Visual analysis of all plots generated using local piecewise regression analysis for healthy control children (black circles) and patients with TTH (blue boxes) and MTH (red dots).

Demographics and diffusion and volumetric analysis by region

	Control (n = 100)	TTH (n = 31)	MTH (n = 23)
Demographics
Median age (range) (mo)	98 (4–213)	99 (24–209)	83 (12–212)
Sex (M/F)	36:64	13:18	6:17
Family history of any headache (No.) (%)		6 (19%)	10 (43%)
ADC on neuroimaging ([mean ×10⁻⁶ mm²/s], standard error,^{^a} P value vs control)
Cerebral cortex	899.05 (3.44)	901.78 (7.04) >.5	907.29 (8.22) >.5
Thalamus	812.48 (3.51)	815.44 (6.26) >.5	833.11 (7.11) .045^{^b}
Caudate	815.16 (3.98)	821.42 (7.11) >.5	833.99 (8.64) .149
Putamen	799.94 (3.48)	792.42 (6.21) >.5	800.75 (7.55) >.5
Pallidum	836.62 (4.05)	822.09 (7.22) .24	838.30 (8.78) >.5
Hippocampus	935.52 (4.50)	965.45 (8.03) .013^{^b}	970.46 (9.76) .038^{^b}
Amygdala	885.83 (3.79)	882.75 (6.78) >.5	904.48 (8.24) .113
Nucleus accumbens	856.83 (4.72)	841.45 (8.43) .34	850.75 (8.43) >.5
Brain stem	806.72 (3.43)	825.01 (6.13) .05^{^b}	840.71 (7.45) <.001^{^b}
Volume on neuroimaging (mean [in mL], standard error,^{^a} P value vs control)
Cerebral cortex	344.33 (4.19)	350.56 (3.92) >.5	362.54 (9.08) .212
Thalamus	6.62 (0.08)	5.54 (0.12) .148	5.71 (0.15) >.5
Caudate	2.68 (0.04)	2.64 (0.06) >.5	2.71 (0.08) >.5
Putamen	4.49 (0.06)	4.46 (0.06) >.5	4.63 (0.12) >.5
Pallidum	1.46 (0.02)	1.42 (0.03) >.5	1.50 (0.04) >.5
Hippocampus	3.10 (0.04)	3.07 (0.07) >.5	3.21 (0.08) >.5
Amygdala	1.53 (0.02)	1.55 (0.04) >.5	1.59 (0.04) >.5
Nucleus accumbens	0.37 (0.01)	0.38 (0.04) >.5	0.039 (0.01) >.5
Brain stem	22.79 (0.30)	22.51 (0.53) .108	22.97 (0.64) >.5