MR Imaging Findings in Anti-Leucine-Rich Glioma Inactivated Protein 1 Encephalitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

References

1. 1.↵
   1. Hébert J,
   2. Riche B,
   3. Vogrig A, et al

   . Epidemiology of paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes and autoimmune encephalitides in France. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2020;7:e883 doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000000883 pmid:32847939

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
2. 2.↵
   1. Irani SR,
   2. Alexander S,
   3. Waters P, et al

   . Antibodies to Kv1 potassium channel-complex proteins leucine-rich, glioma inactivated 1 protein and contactin-associated protein-2 in limbic encephalitis, Morvan’s syndrome and acquired neuromyotonia. Brain 2010;133:2734–48 doi:10.1093/brain/awq213 pmid:20663977

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
3. 3.↵
   1. Baudin P,
   2. Cousyn L,
   3. Navarro V

   . The LGI1 protein: molecular structure, physiological functions and disruption-related seizures. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021;79:16 doi:10.1007/s00018-021-04088-y pmid:34967933

   CrossRefPubMed
4. 4.↵
   1. Fels E,
   2. Muñiz-Castrillo S,
   3. Vogrig A, et al

   . Role of LGI1 protein in synaptic transmission: from physiology to pathology. Neurobiol Dis 2021;160:105537 doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105537 pmid:34695575

   CrossRefPubMed
5. 5.↵
   1. Bastiaansen AE,
   2. van Steenhoven RW,
   3. de Bruijn MA, et al

   . Autoimmune encephalitis resembling dementia syndromes. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2021;8:e1039 doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000001039 pmid:34341093

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
6. 6.↵
   1. Costa D,
   2. Sardoeira A,
   3. Carneiro P, et al

   . Autoimmune encephalitis: suspicion in clinical practice and mimics. J Neuroimmunol 2022;365:577824 doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577824 pmid:35202952

   CrossRefPubMed
7. 7.↵
   1. Graus F,
   2. Titulaer MJ,
   3. Balu R, et al

   . A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis. Lancet Neurol 2016;15:391–404 doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00401-9 pmid:26906964

   CrossRefPubMed
8. 8.↵
   1. Kelley BP,
   2. Patel SC,
   3. Marin HL, et al

   . Autoimmune encephalitis: pathophysiology and imaging review of an overlooked diagnosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2017;38:1070–78 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A5086 pmid:28183838

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
9. 9.↵
   1. Alves IS,
   2. Coutinho AM,
   3. Vieira AP, et al

   . Imaging aspects of the hippocampus. Radiographics 2022;42:822–40 doi:10.1148/rg.210153 pmid:35213261

   CrossRefPubMed
10. 10.↵
    1. Kim SE,
    2. Lee BI,
    3. Shin KJ, et al

    . Characteristics of seizure-induced signal changes on MRI in patients with first seizures. Seizure 2017;48:62–68 doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2017.04.005 pmid:28419949

    CrossRefPubMed
11. 11.↵
    1. Ramli NM,
    2. Bae YJ

    . Structured imaging approach for viral encephalitis. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2023;33:43–56 doi:10.1016/j.nic.2022.07.002 pmid:36404046

    CrossRefPubMed
12. 12.↵
    1. Abdelerahman KT,
    2. Santamaria DD,
    3. Rakocevic G

    . Pearls and oy-sters: neurosyphilis presenting as mesial temporal encephalitis. Neurology 2012;79:e206–08 doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318278b5a1 pmid:23233688

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
13. 13.↵
    1. Black DF,
    2. Aksamit AJ,
    3. Morris JM

    . MR imaging of central nervous system Whipple disease: a 15-year review. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2010;31:1493–97 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A2089 pmid:20395395

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
14. 14.↵
    1. Zoccarato M,
    2. Valeggia S,
    3. Zuliani L, et al

    . Conventional brain MRI features distinguishing limbic encephalitis from mesial temporal glioma. Neuroradiology 2019;61:853–60 doi:10.1007/s00234-019-02212-1 pmid:31028423

    CrossRefPubMed
15. 15.↵
    1. Salerno A,
    2. Strambo D,
    3. Nannoni S, et al

    . Patterns of ischemic posterior circulation strokes: aclinical, anatomical, and radiological review. Int J Stroke 2022;17:714–22 doi:10.1177/17474930211046758 pmid:34581223

    CrossRefPubMed
16. 16.↵
    1. Flanagan EP,
    2. Kotsenas AL,
    3. Britton JW, et al

    . Basal ganglia T1 hyperintensity in LGI1-autoantibody faciobrachial dystonic seizures. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2015;2:e161 doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000000161 pmid:26468474

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
17. 17.↵
    1. Dalmau J,
    2. Graus F

    . Antibody-mediated encephalitis. N Engl J Med 2018;378:840–51 doi:10.1056/NEJMra1708712 pmid:29490181

    CrossRefPubMed
18. 18.↵
    1. Moher D,
    2. Liberati A,
    3. Tetzlaff J, et al

    ; PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med 2009;6:e1000097 doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 pmid:19621072

    CrossRefPubMed
19. 19.↵
    1. Hoy D,
    2. Brooks P,
    3. Woolf A, et al

    . Assessing risk of bias in prevalence studies: modification of an existing tool and evidence of interrater agreement. J Clin Epidemiol 2012;65:934–39 doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.11.014 pmid:22742910

    CrossRefPubMed
20. 20.↵
    1. Hawrylycz MJ,
    2. Lein ES,
    3. Guillozet-Bongaarts AL, et al

    . An anatomically comprehensive atlas of the adult human brain transcriptome. Nature 2012;489:391–99 doi:10.1038/nature11405 pmid:22996553

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
21. 21.↵
    1. Arnatkeviciute A,
    2. Fulcher BD,
    3. Fornito A

    . A practical guide to linking brain-wide gene expression and neuroimaging data. NeuroImage 2019;189:353–67 doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.01.011 pmid:30648605

    CrossRefPubMed
22. 22.↵
    1. Quackenbush J

    . Microarray data normalization and transformation. Nat Genet 2002;32(Suppl):496–501 doi:10.1038/ng1032 pmid:12454644

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
23. 23.↵
    1. Hawrylycz M,
    2. Miller JA,
    3. Menon V, et al

    . Canonical genetic signatures of the adult human brain. Nat Neurosci 2015;18:1832–44 doi:10.1038/nn.4171 pmid:26571460

    CrossRefPubMed
24. 24.↵
    1. Fulcher BD,
    2. Little MA,
    3. Jones NS

    . Highly comparative time-series analysis: the empirical structure of time series and their methods. J R Soc Interface 2013;10:20130048 doi:10.1098/rsif.2013.0048 pmid:23554344

    CrossRefPubMed
25. 25.↵
    1. Mowinckel AM,
    2. Vidal-Piñeiro D

    . Visualization of brain statistics with R packages ggseg and ggseg3d. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 2020;3:466–83 doi:10.1177/2515245920928009

    CrossRef
26. 26.↵
    1. Guo K,
    2. Liu X,
    3. Lin J, et al

    . Clinical characteristics, long-term functional outcomes and relapse of anti-LGI1/Caspr2 encephalitis: a prospective cohort study in Western China. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2022;15:17562864211073203 doi:10.1177/17562864211073203 pmid:35069805

    CrossRefPubMed
27. 27.↵
    1. Rissanen E,
    2. Carter K,
    3. Cicero S, et al

    . Cortical and subcortical dysmetabolism are dynamic markers of clinical disability and course in anti-LGI1 encephalitis. Neurol Neuroimunol Neuroinflamm 2022;9:e1136 doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000001136 pmid:35091466

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
28. 28.↵
    1. Yang M,
    2. Lian Y

    . Clinical features and early recognition of 242 cases of autoimmune encephalitis. Front Neurol 2021;12:803752 doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.803752 pmid:35095744

    CrossRefPubMed
29. 29.↵
    1. Cui L,
    2. Boltze J,
    3. Zhang Y

    . Positive LGI1 antibodies in CSF and relapse relate to worse outcome in anti-LGI1 encephalitis. Front Immunol 2021;12:772096 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.772096 pmid:34975858

    CrossRefPubMed
30. 30.↵
    1. Nissen MS,
    2. Ryding M,
    3. Nilsson AC, et al

    . CSF-neurofilament light chain levels in NMDAR and LGI1 encephalitis: a national cohort study. Front Immunol 2021;12:719432 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.719432 pmid:34975832

    CrossRefPubMed
31. 31.↵
    1. Zhao X,
    2. Zhao S,
    3. Chen Y, et al

    . Subcortical hypermetabolism associated with cortical hypometabolism is a common metabolic pattern in patients with anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 antibody encephalitis. Front Immunol 2021;12:672846 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.672846 pmid:34616389

    CrossRefPubMed
32. 32.↵
    1. Chen W,
    2. Wang M,
    3. Gao L, et al

    . Neurofunctional outcomes in patients with anti-leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 encephalitis. Acta Neurol Scand 2021;144:632–39 doi:10.1111/ane.13503 pmid:34314015

    CrossRefPubMed
33. 33.↵
    1. Lin N,
    2. Liu Q,
    3. Chen J, et al

    . Long-term seizure outcomes in patients with anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 encephalitis. Epilepsy Behav 2021;122:108159 doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108159 pmid:34229158

    CrossRefPubMed
34. 34.↵
    1. Li TR,
    2. Zhang YD,
    3. Wang Q, et al

    . Clinical characteristics and long-term prognosis of anti-lgi1 encephalitis: a single-center cohort study in Beijing, China. Front Neurol 2021;12:674368 doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.674368 pmid:34168612

    CrossRefPubMed
35. 35.↵
    1. Lardeux P,
    2. Fourier A,
    3. Peter E, et al

    . Core cerebrospinal fluid biomarker profile in anti-LGI1 encephalitis. J Neurol 2022;269:377–88 doi:10.1007/s00415-021-10642-2 pmid:34104991

    CrossRefPubMed
36. 36.↵
    1. Muñiz-Castrillo S,
    2. Haesebaert J,
    3. Thomas L, et al

    . Clinical and prognostic value of immunogenetic characteristics in anti-LGI1 encephalitis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2021;8:e974 doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000000974 pmid:33848259

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
37. 37.↵
    1. Zhao Q,
    2. Sun L,
    3. Zhao D, et al

    . Clinical features of anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 encephalitis in northeast China. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2021;203:106542 doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2021.106542 pmid:33706063

    CrossRefPubMed
38. 38.↵
    1. Shao X,
    2. Fan S,
    3. Luo H, et al

    . Brain magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 encephalitis and their clinical relevance: a single-center study in China. Front Neurol 2020;11:618109 doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.618109 pmid:33510707

    CrossRefPubMed
39. 39.↵
    1. Liu X,
    2. Shan W,
    3. Zhao X, et al

    . The clinical value of ¹⁸F-FDG-PET in autoimmune encephalitis associated with LGI1 antibody. Front Neurol 2020;11:418 doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.00418 pmid:32581996

    CrossRefPubMed
40. 40.↵
    1. Liu X,
    2. Han Y,
    3. Yang L, et al

    . The exploration of the spectrum of motor manifestations of anti-LGI1 encephalitis beyond FBDS. Seizure 2020;76:22–27 doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2019.12.023 pmid:31972532

    CrossRefPubMed
41. 41.↵
    1. Jang Y,
    2. Lee ST,
    3. Bae JY, et al

    . LGI1 expression and human brain asymmetry: insights from patients with LGI1-antibody encephalitis. J Neuroinflammation 2018;15:279 doi:10.1186/s12974-018-1314-2 pmid:30253786

    CrossRefPubMed
42. 42.
    1. Feyissa AM,
    2. Lamb C,
    3. Pittock SJ, et al

    . Antiepileptic drug therapy in autoimmune epilepsy associated with antibodies targeting the leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1. Epilepsia Open 2018;3:348–56 doi:10.1002/epi4.12226 pmid:30187005

    CrossRefPubMed
43. 43.↵
    1. Thompson J,
    2. Bi M,
    3. Murchison AG, et al

    ; Faciobrachial Dystonic Seizures Study Group. The importance of early immunotherapy in patients with faciobrachial dystonic seizures. Brain 2017;141:348–56 doi:10.1093/brain/awx323 pmid:29272336

    CrossRefPubMed
44. 44.
    1. Celicanin M,
    2. Blaabjerg M,
    3. Maersk-Moller C, et al

    . Autoimmune encephalitis associated with voltage-gated potassium channels-complex and leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 antibodies: a national cohort study. Eur J Neurol 2017;24:999–1005 doi:10.1111/ene.13324 pmid:28544133

    CrossRefPubMed
45. 45.↵
    1. Kim TJ,
    2. Lee ST,
    3. Moon J, et al

    . Anti-LGI1 encephalitis is associated with unique HLA subtypes. Ann Neurol 2017;81:183–92 doi:10.1002/ana.24860 pmid:28026029

    CrossRefPubMed
46. 46.↵
    1. Finke C,
    2. Prüss H,
    3. Heine J, et al

    . Evaluation of cognitive deficits and structural hippocampal damage in encephalitis with leucine-rich, glioma-inactivated 1 antibodies. JAMA Neurol 2017;74:50–59 doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.4226 pmid:27893017

    CrossRefPubMed
47. 47.↵
    1. van Sonderen A,
    2. Thijs RD,
    3. Coenders EC, et al

    . Anti-LGI1 encephalitis: clinical syndrome and long-term follow-up. Neurology 2016;87:1449–56 doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000003173 pmid:27590293

    CrossRefPubMed
48. 48.↵
    1. Navarro V,
    2. Kas A,
    3. Apartis E, et al

    ; collaborators. Motor cortex and hippocampus are the two main cortical targets in LGI1-antibody encephalitis. Brain 2016;139:1079–93 doi:10.1093/brain/aww012 pmid:26945884

    CrossRefPubMed
49. 49.↵
    1. Irani SR,
    2. Michell AW,
    3. Lang B, et al

    . Faciobrachial dystonic seizures precede LGI1 antibody limbic encephalitis. Ann Neurol 2011;69:892–900 doi:10.1002/ana.22307 pmid:21416487

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
50. 50.↵
    1. Gadoth A,
    2. Pittock SJ,
    3. Dubey D, et al

    . Expanded phenotypes and outcomes among 256 LGI1/CASPR2-IgG–positive patients. Ann Neurol 2017;82:79–92 doi:10.1002/ana.24979 pmid:28628235

    CrossRefPubMed
51. 51.↵
    1. Cousyn L,
    2. Lambrecq V,
    3. Houot M, et al

    . Seizures in autoimmune encephalitis: specific features based on a systematic comparative study. Epileptic Disord 2021;23:879–92 doi:10.1684/epd.2021.1355 pmid:34704941

    CrossRefPubMed
52. 52.
    1. Kambadja B,
    2. Marion H,
    3. Cousyn L, et al

    . When should we test patients with epilepsy for autoimmune antibodies? Results from a French retrospective single center study. J Neurol 2022;269:3109–3118 doi:10.1007/s00415-021-10894-y pmid:34816332

    CrossRefPubMed
53. 53.
    1. Sola-Valls N,
    2. Ariño H,
    3. Escudero D, et al

    . Telemedicine assessment of long-term cognitive and functional status in anti-leucine-rich, glioma-inactivated 1 encephalitis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2019;7:e652 doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000000652 pmid:31848230

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
54. 54.↵
    1. Huang X,
    2. Fan C,
    3. Gao L, et al

    . Clinical features, immunotherapy, and outcomes of anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated-1 encephalitis. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022;34:141–48 doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20120303 pmid:34794327

    CrossRefPubMed
55. 55.↵
    1. Teng Y,
    2. Li T,
    3. Yang Z, et al

    . Clinical features and therapeutic effects of anti-leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 encephalitis: a systematic review. Front Neurol 2021;12:791014 doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.791014 pmid:35095736

    CrossRefPubMed
56. 56.↵
    1. Zhang T,
    2. Duan Y,
    3. Ye J, et al

    . Brain MRI characteristics of patients with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis and their associations with 2-year clinical outcome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2018;39:824–29 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A5593 pmid:29567651

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
57. 57.↵
    1. Joubert B,
    2. Saint-Martin M,
    3. Noraz N, et al

    . Characterization of a subtype of autoimmune encephalitis with anti-contactin-associated protein-like 2 antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid, prominent limbic symptoms, and seizures. JAMA Neurol 2016;73:1115–24 doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.1585 pmid:27428927

    CrossRefPubMed
58. 58.↵
    1. Moura J,
    2. Samões R,
    3. Cardoso M, et al

    . Distinct phenotypes in a cohort of anti-CASPR2 associated neurological syndromes. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2023;234:107994 doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2023.107994 pmid:37797365

    CrossRefPubMed
59. 59.↵
    1. Zhu F,
    2. Shan W,
    3. Lv R, et al

    . Clinical characteristics of anti-GABA-B receptor encephalitis. Front Neurol 2020;11:403 doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.00403 pmid:32508739

    CrossRefPubMed
60. 60.↵
    1. Höftberger R,
    2. Titulaer MJ,
    3. Sabater L, et al

    . Encephalitis and GABAB receptor antibodies: novel findings in a new case series of 20 patients. Neurology 2013;81:1500–06 doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182a9585f pmid:24068784

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
61. 61.↵
    1. Gresa-Arribas N,
    2. Planagumà J,
    3. Petit-Pedrol M, et al

    . Human neurexin-3α antibodies associate with encephalitis and alter synapse development. Neurology 2016;86:2235–42 doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000002775 pmid:27170573

    CrossRefPubMed
62. 62.↵
    1. Höftberger R,
    2. van Sonderen A,
    3. Leypoldt F, et al

    . Encephalitis and AMPA receptor antibodies: novel findings in a case series of 22 patients. Neurology 2015;84:2403–12 doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000001682 pmid:25979696

    CrossRefPubMed
63. 63.↵
    1. Joubert B,
    2. Kerschen P,
    3. Zekeridou A, et al

    . Clinical spectrum of encephalitis associated with antibodies against the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor: case series and review of the literature. JAMA Neurol 2015;72:1163–69 doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.1715 pmid:26280228

    CrossRefPubMed
64. 64.↵
    1. Spatola M,
    2. Sabater L,
    3. Planagumà J, et al

    . Encephalitis with mGluR5 antibodies: symptoms and antibody effects. Neurology 2018;90:e1964–72 doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000005614 pmid:29703767

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
65. 65.↵
    1. Carvajal-González A,
    2. Leite MI,
    3. Waters P, et al

    . Glycine receptor antibodies in PERM and related syndromes: characteristics, clinical features and outcomes. Brain 2014;137:2178–92 doi:10.1093/brain/awu142 pmid:24951641

    CrossRefPubMed
66. 66.↵
    1. Swayne A,
    2. Tjoa L,
    3. Broadley S, et al

    . Antiglycine receptor antibody related disease: a case series and literature review. Eur J Neurol 2018;25:1290–98 doi:10.1111/ene.13721 pmid:29904974

    CrossRefPubMed
67. 67.↵
    1. Muñiz-Castrillo S,
    2. Hedou JJ,
    3. Ambati A, et al

    . Distinctive clinical presentation and pathogenic specificities of anti-AK5 encephalitis. Brain 2021;144:2709–21 doi:10.1093/brain/awab153 pmid:33843981

    CrossRefPubMed
68. 68.↵
    1. Xiao J,
    2. Fu PC,
    3. Li ZJ

    . Clinical and imaging analysis to evaluate the response of patients with anti-DPPX encephalitis to immunotherapy. BMC Neurol 2022;22:129 doi:10.1186/s12883-022-02649-7 pmid:35382765

    CrossRefPubMed
69. 69.↵
    1. Fredriksen JR,
    2. Carr CM,
    3. Koeller KK, et al

    . MRI findings in glutamic acid decarboxylase associated autoimmune epilepsy. Neuroradiology 2018;60:239–45 doi:10.1007/s00234-018-1976-6 pmid:29353399

    CrossRefPubMed
70. 70.↵
    1. Sun Y,
    2. Qin X,
    3. Huang D, et al

    . Anti-amphiphysin encephalitis: expanding the clinical spectrum. Front Immunol 2023;14:1084883 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1084883 pmid:37090693

    CrossRefPubMed
71. 71.↵
    1. Dalmau J,
    2. Graus F,
    3. Villarejo A, et al

    . Clinical analysis of anti-Ma2-associated encephalitis. Brain 2004;127:1831–44 doi:10.1093/brain/awh203 pmid:15215214

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
72. 72.↵
    1. Quintas-Neves M,
    2. Teylan MA,
    3. Morais-Ribeiro R, et al

    . Divergent magnetic resonance imaging atrophy patterns in Alzheimer’s disease and primary age-related tauopathy. Neurobiol Aging 2022;117:1–11 doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.04.013 pmid:35640459

    CrossRefPubMed
73. 73.↵
    1. Pinho J,
    2. Almeida FC,
    3. Araújo JM, et al

    . Sex-specific patterns of cerebral atrophy and enlarged perivascular spaces in patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy and dementia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2023;44:792–98 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A7900 pmid:37290817

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
74. 74.↵
    1. Preiß D,
    2. Billette OV,
    3. Schneider A, et al

    . The atrophy pattern in Alzheimer-related PPA is more widespread than that of the frontotemporal lobar degeneration associated variants. NeuroImage Clin 2019;24:101994 doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101994 pmid:31505368

    CrossRefPubMed
75. 75.↵
    1. Nelson PT,
    2. Dickson DW,
    3. Trojanowski JQ, et al

    . Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE): consensus working group report. Brain 2019;142:1503–27 doi:10.1093/brain/awz099 pmid:31039256

    CrossRefPubMed
76. 76.↵
    1. Eran A,
    2. Hodes A,
    3. Izbudak I

    . Bilateral temporal lobe disease: looking beyond herpes encephalitis. Insights Imaging 2016;7:265–74 doi:10.1007/s13244-016-0481-x pmid:26911968

    CrossRefPubMed
77. 77.↵
    1. de Priester JA,
    2. Jansen GH,
    3. de Kruijk JR, et al

    . New MRI findings in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: high signal in the globus pallidus on T1-weighted images. Neuroradiology 1999;41:265–68 doi:10.1007/s002340050744 pmid:10344511

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
78. 78.↵
    1. de Oliveira AM,
    2. Paulino MV,
    3. Vieira AP, et al

    . Imaging patterns of toxic and metabolic brain disorders. Radiographics 2019;39:1672–95 doi:10.1148/rg.2019190016 pmid:31589567

    CrossRefPubMed
79. 79.↵
    1. Fragoso DC,
    2. Gonçalves Filho AL,
    3. Pacheco FT, et al

    . Imaging of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: imaging patterns and their differential diagnosis. Radiographics 2017;37:234–57 doi:10.1148/rg.2017160075 pmid:28076012

    CrossRefPubMed
80. 80.↵
    1. Vakrakou A,
    2. Constantinides VC,
    3. Velonakis G, et al

    . Paraneoplastic basal ganglia encephalitis associated with anti-CV2/CRMP-5 and anti-Yo antibodies in a patient with non-small-cell lung cancer. Neurol Sci 2020;41:2649–51 doi:10.1007/s10072-020-04399-1 pmid:32307664

    CrossRefPubMed
81. 81.↵
    1. Hegde AN,
    2. Mohan S,
    3. Lath N, et al

    . Differential diagnosis for bilateral abnormalities of the basal ganglia and thalamus. Radiographics 2011;31:5–30 doi:10.1148/rg.311105041 pmid:21257930

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
82. 82.↵
    1. Miller TD,
    2. Chong TT,
    3. Aimola Davies AM, et al

    . Focal CA3 hippocampal subfield atrophy following LGI1 VGKC-complex antibody limbic encephalitis. Brain 2017;140:1212–19 doi:10.1093/brain/awx070 pmid:28369215

    CrossRefPubMed
83. 83.↵
    1. Petit-Pedrol M,
    2. Sell J,
    3. Planagumà J, et al

    . LGI1 antibodies alter Kv1.1 and AMPA receptors changing synaptic excitability, plasticity and memory. Brain 2018;141:3144–59 doi:10.1093/brain/awy253 pmid:30346486

    CrossRefPubMed
84. 84.↵
    1. Ramberger M,
    2. Berretta A,
    3. Tan JM, et al

    . Distinctive binding properties of human monoclonal LGI1 autoantibodies determine pathogenic mechanisms. Brain 2020;143:1731–45 doi:10.1093/brain/awaa104 pmid:32437528

    CrossRefPubMed
85. 85.↵
    1. Kornau HC,
    2. Kreye J,
    3. Stumpf A, et al

    . Human cerebrospinal fluid monoclonal lgi1 autoantibodies increase neuronal excitability. Ann Neurol 2020;87:405–18 doi:10.1002/ana.25666 pmid:31900946

    CrossRefPubMed
86. 86.↵
    1. Sadaghiani MS,
    2. Roman S,
    3. Diaz-Arias LA, et al

    . Comparison of quantitative FDG-PET and MRI in anti-LGI1 autoimmune encephalitis. Neuroradiology 2023;65:1225–38 doi:10.1007/s00234-023-03165-2 pmid:37264220

    CrossRefPubMed