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Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) astrocytopathy is a CNS autoimmune inflammatory disorder characterized by specific antibodies targeting the intracellular filament protein in mature astrocytes. Neuroimaging findings include linear perivascular enhancement in the white matter extending in a radial pattern, periependymal enhancement, longitudinally extensive cord signal changes, intramedullary enhancement, optic neuritis, and papillitis.

This is an updated comprehensive review of the various myelographic techniques that can be used to identify CSF-venous fistulas. The authors discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each and describe provocative maneuvers that may improve the conspicuity of CVFs.

Cancer-associated hypercoagulability-related stroke is presumably caused by fibrin-predominant thrombi and is associated with the absence of the susceptibility vessel sign (sensitivity of 90%/specificity of 78%/ likelihood ratio of 4.06). This is in contradistinction to cardioembolic erythrocyte-predominant thrombi, which demonstrate hypointense signal on T2-weighted gradient-recalled echo images (susceptibility vessel sign).