The Pediatric Neuroradiologist's Practical Guide to Capture and Evaluate Pre- and Postoperative Velopharyngeal Insufficiency

References

1. 1.↵
   2. Salari N,
   3. Darvishi N,
   4. Heydari M, et al

   . Global prevalence of cleft palate, cleft lip and cleft palate and lip: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg 2022;123:110–20 doi:10.1016/j.jormas.2021.05.008 pmid:34033944

   CrossRefPubMed
2. 2.↵
   2. Shaw W,
   3. Semb G,
   4. Lohmander A, et al

   . Timing of Primary Surgery for cleft palate (TOPS): protocol for a randomised trial of palate surgery at 6 months versus 12 months of age. BMJ Open 2019;9:e029780 doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029780 pmid:31300507

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
3. 3.↵
   2. Crockett DJ,
   3. Goudy SL

   . Cleft lip and palate. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2014;22:573–86 doi:10.1016/j.fsc.2014.07.002 pmid:25444729

   CrossRefPubMed
4. 4.↵
   2. Woo AS

   . Velopharyngeal dysfunction. Semin Plast Surg 2012;26:170–7 doi:10.1055/s-0033-1333882 pmid:24179450

   CrossRefPubMed
5. 5.↵
   2. Kummer A

   . Types and causes of velopharyngeal dysfunction. Semin Speech Lang 2011;32:150–58 doi:10.1055/s-0031-1277717 pmid:21948641

   CrossRefPubMed
6. 6.↵
   2. de Blacam C,
   3. Smith S,
   4. Orr D

   . Surgery for velopharyngeal dysfunction: a systematic review of interventions and outcomes. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2018;55:405–22 doi:10.1177/1055665617735102 pmid:29437504

   CrossRefPubMed
7. 7.↵
   2. Fisher DM,
   3. Sommerlad BC

   . Cleft lip, cleft palate, and velopharyngeal insufficiency. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011;128:342e–60e doi:10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182268e1b pmid:21921748

   CrossRefPubMed
8. 8.↵
   2. Perry JL,
   3. Sutton BP,
   4. Kuehn DP, et al

   . Using MRI for assessing velopharyngeal structures and function. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2014;51:476–85 doi:10.1597/12-083 pmid:23566261

   CrossRefPubMed
9. 9.↵
   2. Sitzman TJ,
   3. Baylis AL,
   4. Perry JL, et al

   ; VPI-OPS Study Consortium. Protocol for a prospective observational study of revision palatoplasty versus pharyngoplasty for treatment of velopharyngeal insufficiency following cleft palate repair. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2022 Dec 23 [Epub ahead of print] doi:10.1177/10556656221147159 pmid:36562144

   CrossRefPubMed
10. 10.↵
    2. Sitzman TJ,
    3. Williams JL,
    4. Singh DJ, et al

    . MRI of the velopharynx: clinical findings in patients with velopharyngeal insufficiency. Plast Reconstr Surg 2023 Jun 23 [Epub Ahead of Print] doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000010798

    CrossRef
11. 11.↵
    2. Mason KN

    . Magnetic resonance imaging for assessing velopharyngeal function: current applications, barriers, and potential for future clinical translation in the United States. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2022 Aug 29 [Epub Ahead of Print] doi:10.1177/10556656221123916 pmid:36039513

    CrossRefPubMed
12. 12.↵
    2. Perry JL,
    3. Snodgrass TD,
    4. Gilbert IR, et al

    . Establishing a clinical protocol for velopharyngeal MRI and interpreting imaging findings. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2022 Nov 3 [Epub Ahead of Print] doi:10.1177/10556656221141188 pmid:36448363

    CrossRefPubMed
13. 13.↵
    2. Mason KN,
    3. Black J

    . Incorporating velopharyngeal MRI into the clinical decision-making process for a patient presenting with velopharyngeal dysfunction following a failed palatoplasty. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2023 May 4 [Epub Ahead of Print] doi:10.1177/10556656231173500 pmid:37143294

    CrossRefPubMed
14. 14.↵
    2. Jaws TS,
    3. Sheu RS,
    4. Liu GC, et al

    . Development of adenoids: a study by measurement with MR images. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 1999;15:12–18 pmid:10063790

    PubMed
15. 15.↵
    2. Ettema SL,
    3. Kuehn DP,
    4. Perlman AL, et al

    . Magnetic resonance imaging of the levator veli palatini muscle during speech. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2002;39:130–44 doi:10.1597/1545-1569_2002_039_0130_mriotl_2.0.co_2 pmid:11879068

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
16. 16.↵
    2. Atik B,
    3. Bekerecioglu M,
    4. Tan O, et al

    . Evaluation of dynamic magnetic resonance imaging in assessing velopharyngeal insufficiency during phonation. J Craniofac Surg 2008;19:566–72 doi:10.1097/SCS.0b013e31816ae746 pmid:18520366

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
17. 17.↵
    2. Akgüner M,
    3. Karacá C,
    4. Barutçú A, et al

    . Evaluation of velopharyngeal pathophysiology and velopharyngeal insufficiency with magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Plastic Surg 1998;21:118–23

    CrossRef
18. 18.↵
    2. Drissi C,
    3. Mitrofanoff M,
    4. Talandier C, et al

    . Feasibility of dynamic MRI for evaluating velopharyngeal insufficiency in children. Eur Radiol 2011;21:1462–69 doi:10.1007/s00330-011-2069-7 pmid:21287177

    CrossRefPubMed
19. 19.↵
    2. Pitkänen VV,
    3. Alaluusua SA,
    4. Geneid A, et al

    . How early can we predict the need for VPI surgery? Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2022;10:e4678 doi:10.1097/GOX.0000000000004678 pmid:36438464

    CrossRefPubMed
20. 20.↵
    2. Harrington SG,
    3. Jaimes C,
    4. Weagle KM, et al

    . Strategies to perform magnetic resonance imaging in infants and young children without sedation. Pediatr Radiol 2022;52:374–81 doi:10.1007/s00247-021-05062-3 pmid:33830290

    CrossRefPubMed
21. 21.↵
    2. Tyson ME,
    3. Bohl DD,
    4. Blickman JG

    . A randomized controlled trial: child life services in pediatric imaging. Pediatr Radiol 2014;44:1426–32 doi:10.1007/s00247-014-3005-1 pmid:24801818

    CrossRefPubMed
22. 22.↵
    2. Kotlarek KJ,
    3. Sitzman TJ,
    4. Williams JL, et al

    . Nonsedated magnetic resonance imaging for visualization of the velopharynx in the pediatric population. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2023;60:249–52 doi:10.1177/10556656211057361 pmid:34787476

    CrossRefPubMed
23. 23.↵
    Cleft Palate Speech Imaging & Visualization Laboratory. Setting Up an MRI Protocol. East Carolina University. 2023. https://cahs.ecu.edu/speechimaging/setting-up-an-mri-protocol/. Accessed November 21, 2023
24. 24.↵
    2. Kuehn DP,
    3. Ettema SL,
    4. Goldwasser MS, et al

    . Magnetic resonance imaging of the levator veli palatini muscle before and after primary palatoplasty. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2004;41:584–92 doi:10.1597/03-060.1 pmid:15516160

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
25. 25.↵
    2. Jin R,
    3. Shosted RK,
    4. Xing F, et al

    . Enhancing linguistic research through 2-mm isotropic 3D dynamic speech MRI optimized by sparse temporal sampling and low-rank reconstruction. Magn Reson Med 2023;89:652–64 doi:10.1002/mrm.29486 pmid:36289572

    CrossRefPubMed
26. 26.↵
    2. Jin R,
    3. Liang ZP,
    4. Sutton BP

    . Increasing three-dimensional coverage of dynamic speech magnetic resonance imaging. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine and the International Society for MR Radiographers & Technologists. May 15-20, 2021; Virtual
27. 27.↵
    2. Fu M,
    3. Barlaz MS,
    4. Holtrop JL, et al

    . High-frame-rate full-vocal-tract 3D dynamic speech imaging. Magn Reson Med 2017;77:1619–29 doi:10.1002/mrm.26248 pmid:27099178

    CrossRefPubMed
28. 28.↵
    2. Fu M,
    3. Barlaz MS,
    4. Shosted RK, et al

    . High-resolution dynamic speech imaging with deformation estimation. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2015;2015:1568–71 doi:10.1109/EMBC.2015.7318672 pmid:26736572

    CrossRefPubMed
29. 29.↵
    2. Moon JB,
    3. Kuehn DP,
    4. Huisman JJ

    . Measurement of velopharyngeal closure force during vowel production. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 1994;31:356–63 doi:10.1597/1545-1569_1994_031_0356_movcfd_2.3.co_2 pmid:7986796

    CrossRefPubMed
30. 30.↵
    2. Moon J,
    3. Smith AE,
    4. Folkins JW, et al

    . Coordination of velopharyngeal muscle activity during positioning of the soft palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 1994;31:45–55 doi:10.1597/1545-1569_1994_031_0045_covmad_2.3.co_2 pmid:8130242

    CrossRefPubMed
31. 31.↵
    2. Haenssler AE,
    3. Fang X,
    4. Perry JL

    . Effective velopharyngeal ratio: a more clinically relevant measure of velopharyngeal function. J Speech Lang Hear Res 2020;63:3586–93 doi:10.1044/2020_JSLHR-20-00305 pmid:32976083

    CrossRefPubMed
32. 32.↵
    2. Perry JL

    . Anatomy and physiology of the velopharyngeal mechanism. Semin Speech Lang 2011;32:83–92 doi:10.1055/s-0031-1277712 pmid:21948636

    CrossRefPubMed
33. 33.↵
    2. Kollara L,
    3. Baylis AL,
    4. Kirschner RE, et al

    . Velopharyngeal structural and muscle variations in children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: an unsedated MRI study. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2019;56:1139–48 doi:10.1177/1055665619851660 pmid:31117824

    CrossRefPubMed
34. 34.↵
    2. Mann RJ,
    3. Neaman KC,
    4. Armstrong SD, et al

    . The double-opposing buccal flap procedure for palatal lengthening. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011;127:2413–18 doi:10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182131d3e pmid:21617473

    CrossRefPubMed
35. 35.↵
    2. Nam SM

    . Surgical treatment of velopharyngeal insufficiency. Arch Craniofac Surg 2018;19:163–67 doi:10.7181/acfs.2018.02082 pmid:30282424

    CrossRefPubMed
36. 36.↵
    2. Smith BE,
    3. Kuehn DP

    . Speech evaluation of velopharyngeal dysfunction. J Craniofac Surg 2007;18:251–61 doi:10.1097/SCS.0b013e31803ecf3b pmid:17414269

    CrossRefPubMed
37. 37.↵
    2. Siegel-Sadewitz VL,
    3. Shprintzen RJ

    . Nasopharyngoscopy of the normal velopharyngeal sphincter: an experiment of biofeedback. Cleft Palate J 1982;19:194–200 pmid:6956461

    PubMedWeb of Science
38. 38.↵
    2. El-Anwar MW,
    3. El-Sheikh E,
    4. El-Nakeb N

    . Patterns and grade of velopharyngeal closure in candidates for adenotonsillectomy. Iran J Otorhinolaryngol 2018;30:27–31 pmid:29387661

    PubMed
39. 39.↵
    2. Perry JL,
    3. Mason K,
    4. Sutton BP, et al

    . Can dynamic MRI be used to accurately identify velopharyngeal closure patterns? Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2018;55:499–507 doi:10.1177/1055665617735998 pmid:29554453

    CrossRefPubMed
40. 40.↵
    2. Yoshida H,
    3. Stella JP,
    4. Ghali GE, et al

    . The modified superiorly placed pharyngeal flap, Part IV: position of the base of the flap. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1992;73:13–18 doi:10.1016/0030-4220(92)90146-h pmid:1603556

    CrossRefPubMed
41. 41.↵
    2. Yamaguchi K,
    3. Lonic D,
    4. Lee CH, et al

    . A treatment protocol for velopharyngeal insufficiency and the outcome. Plast Reconstr Surg 2016;138:290e–99e doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000002386 pmid:27465191

    CrossRefPubMed
42. 42.↵
    2. Perry JL,
    3. Kuehn DP,
    4. Sutton BP, et al

    . Velopharyngeal structural and functional assessment of speech in young children using dynamic magnetic resonance imaging. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2017;54:408–22 doi:10.1597/15-120 pmid:27031268

    CrossRefPubMed
43. 43.↵
    2. Perry JL,
    3. Gilbert IR,
    4. Xing F, et al

    . Preliminary development of an MRI atlas for application to cleft care: findings and future recommendations. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2023 Jun 19 [Epub ahead of Print] doi:10.1177/10556656231183385 pmid:37335134

    CrossRefPubMed
44. 44.↵
    2. Perry JL,
    3. Kotlarek KJ,
    4. Sutton BP, et al

    . Variations in velopharyngeal structure in adults with repaired cleft palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2018;55:1409–18 doi:10.1177/1055665617752803 pmid:29356620

    CrossRefPubMed