Table of Contents

Perspectives

  • Perspectives
    Guido Guglielmi

Radiology-Pathology Correlation

  • Mixed Solid and Cystic Mass in an Infant
    J.C. Benson, D. Summerfield, J.B. Guerin, D. Kun Kim, L. Eckel, D.J. Daniels and P. Morris

General Contents

  • Open Access
    MRI Features of Histologically Diagnosed Supratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors and Pineoblastomas in Correlation with Molecular Diagnoses and Outcomes: A Report from the Children's Oncology Group ACNS0332 Trial
    A. Jaju, E.I. Hwang, M. Kool, D. Capper, L. Chavez, S. Brabetz, C. Billups, Y. Li, M. Fouladi, R.J. Packer, S.M. Pfister, J.M. Olson and L.A. Heier
  • Open Access
    Diffusion Characteristics of Pediatric Diffuse Midline Gliomas with Histone H3-K27M Mutation Using Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Histogram Analysis
    M.S. Aboian, E. Tong, D.A. Solomon, C. Kline, A. Gautam, A. Vardapetyan, B. Tamrazi, Y. Li, C.D. Jordan, E. Felton, B. Weinberg, S. Braunstein, S. Mueller and S. Cha
  • Imaging Characteristics of Wingless Pathway Subgroup Medulloblastomas: Results from the German HIT/SIOP-Trial Cohort
    A. Stock, M. Mynarek, T. Pietsch, S.M. Pfister, S.C. Clifford, T. Goschzik, D. Sturm, E.C. Schwalbe, D. Hicks, S. Rutkowski, B. Bison, M. Pham and M. Warmuth-Metz
  • Incidental Brain MRI Findings in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    V. Dangouloff-Ros, C.-J. Roux, G. Boulouis, R. Levy, N. Nicolas, C. Lozach, D. Grevent, F. Brunelle, N. Boddaert and O. Naggara

    Seven studies were included, reporting 5938 children (mean age, 11.3 ± 2.8 years). Incidental findings were present in 16.4% of healthy children, intracranial cysts being the most frequent (10.2%). Nonspecific white matter hyperintensities were reported in 1.9%, Chiari I malformation was found in 0.8%, and intracranial neoplasms were reported in 0.2%. In total, the prevalence of incidental findings needing follow-up was 2.6%. The prevalence of incidental findings is much more frequent in children than previously reported in adults, but clinically significant incidental findings were present in <1 in 38 children.

  • Age-Dependent Signal Intensity Changes in the Structurally Normal Pediatric Brain on Unenhanced T1-Weighted MR Imaging
    T.F. Flood, P.R. Bhatt, A. Jensen, J.A. Maloney, N.V. Stence and D.M. Mirsky
  • Open Access
    Signal Change in the Mammillary Bodies after Perinatal Asphyxia
    M. Molavi, S.D. Vann, L.S. de Vries, F. Groenendaal and M. Lequin
  • Biometry of the Cerebellar Vermis and Brain Stem in Children: MR Imaging Reference Data from Measurements in 718 Children
    C. Jandeaux, G. Kuchcinski, C. Ternynck, A. Riquet, X. Leclerc, J.-P. Pruvo and G. Soto-Ares
  • Comparison of CBF Measured with Combined Velocity-Selective Arterial Spin-Labeling and Pulsed Arterial Spin-Labeling to Blood Flow Patterns Assessed by Conventional Angiography in Pediatric Moyamoya
    D.S. Bolar, B. Gagoski, D.B. Orbach, E. Smith, E. Adalsteinsson, B.R. Rosen, P.E. Grant and R.L. Robertson

    This study assesses the accuracy of combined velocity-selective arterial spin-labeling and traditional pulsed arterial spin-labeling CBF measurements in pediatric Moyamoya disease, with comparison with blood flow patterns on conventional angiography. Twenty-two neurologically stable pediatric patients with Moyamoya disease and 5 asymptomatic siblings without frank Moyamoya disease were imaged with velocity-selective arterial spin-labeling, pulsed arterial spin-labeling, and DSA (patients). Qualitatively, velocity-selective arterial spin-labeling perfusion maps reflect the DSA parenchymal phase, regardless of postinjection timing. Conversely, pulsed arterial spin-labeling maps reflect the DSA appearance at postinjection times closer to pulsed arterial spin-labeling postlabeling delay, regardless of vascular phase. ASPECTS comparison showed excellent agreement between arterial spin-labeling and DSA, suggesting velocity-selective arterial spin-labeling and pulsed arterial spin-labeling capture key perfusion and transit delay information, respectively. Velocity-selective arterial spin-labeling offers a powerful approach to image perfusion in pediatric Moyamoya disease due to transit delay insensitivity.

  • Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging Findings in Aspartylglucosaminuria
    A. Tokola, M. Laine, R. Tikkanen and T. Autti
  • Open Access
    Evaluation of Lower-Dose Spiral Head CT for Detection of Intracranial Findings Causing Neurologic Deficits
    J.G. Fletcher, D.R. DeLone, A.L. Kotsenas, N.G. Campeau, V.T. Lehman, L. Yu, S. Leng, D.R. Holmes, P.K. Edwards, M.P. Johnson, G.J. Michalak, R.E. Carter and C.H. McCollough

    Projection data from 83 patients undergoing unenhanced spiral head CT for suspected neurologic deficits were collected. A routine dose was obtained using 250 effective mAs and iterative reconstruction. Lower-dose configurations were reconstructed (25-effective mAs iterative reconstruction, 50-effective mAs filtered back-projection and iterative reconstruction, 100-effective mAs filtered back-projection and iterative reconstruction, 200-effective mAs filtered back-projection). Three neuroradiologists circled findings, indicating diagnosis, confidence, and image quality. The routine-dose jackknife alternative free-response receiver operating characteristic figure of merit was 0.87. Noninferiority was shown for 100-effective mAs iterative reconstruction and 200-effective mAs filtered back-projection, but not for100-effective mAs filtered back-projection. The authors conclude that substantial opportunity exists for dose reduction using spiral nonenhanced head CT and that the dose level might potentially be reduced to 40% of routine dose levels or a volume CT dose index of approximately 15mGy if slight decreases in performance are acceptable. The beneficial effect of iterative reconstrution was most pronounced at this 15-mGy dose level.

  • Dose Reduction While Preserving Diagnostic Quality in Head CT: Advancing the Application of Iterative Reconstruction Using a Live Animal Model
    F.D. Raslau, E.J. Escott, J. Smiley, C. Adams, D. Feigal, H. Ganesh, C. Wang and J. Zhang
  • Open Access
    Imaging G-Ratio in Multiple Sclerosis Using High-Gradient Diffusion MRI and Macromolecular Tissue Volume
    F. Yu, Q. Fan, Q. Tian, C. Ngamsombat, N. Machado, J.D. Bireley, A.W. Russo, A. Nummenmaa, T. Witzel, L.L. Wald, E.C. Klawiter and S.Y. Huang
  • Open Access
    Prolonged Microgravity Affects Human Brain Structure and Function
    D.R. Roberts, D. Asemani, P.J. Nietert, M.A. Eckert, D.C. Inglesby, J.J. Bloomberg, M.S. George and T.R. Brown

    Brain MR imaging scans of National Aeronautics and Space Administration astronauts were retrospectively analyzed to quantify pre- to postflight changes in brain structure. Local structural changes were assessed using the Jacobian determinant. Structural changes were compared with clinical findings and cognitive and motor function. Long-duration spaceflights aboard the International Space Station, but not short-duration Space Shuttle flights, resulted in a significant increase in the percentage of total ventricular volume change (10.7% versus 0%). The percentage of total ventricular volume change was significantly associated with mission duration but negatively associated with age. Pre- to postflight structural changes of the left caudate correlated significantly with poor postural control, and the right primary motor area/midcingulate correlated significantly with a complex motor task completion time. These findings suggest that brain structural changes are associated with changes in cognitive and motor test scores and with the development of spaceflight-associated neuro-optic syndrome.

  • Open Access
    Middle Cerebral Artery Plaque Hyperintensity on T2-Weighted Vessel Wall Imaging Is Associated with Ischemic Stroke
    Y.-N. Yu, M.-W. Liu, J.P. Villablanca, M.-L. Li, Y.-Y. Xu, S. Gao, F. Feng, D.S. Liebeskind, F. Scalzo and W.-H. Xu
  • Time to Discontinue Use of the Term “Hemorrhagic Stroke”
    M. Aftab and M. Salman
  • Open Access
    Bayesian Estimation of CBF Measured by DSC-MRI in Patients with Moyamoya Disease: Comparison with 15O-Gas PET and Singular Value Decomposition
    S. Hara, Y. Tanaka, S. Hayashi, M. Inaji, T. Maehara, M. Hori, S. Aoki, K. Ishii and T. Nariai
  • Role of 3D Pseudocontinuous Arterial Spin-Labeling Perfusion in the Diagnosis and Follow-Up in Patients with Herpes Simplex Encephalitis
    R. Li, P.-A. Shi, T.-F. Liu, Y. Li, Y. Wang, K. Wu, X.-J. Chen, H.-F. Xiao, Y.-L. Wang, L. Ma and X. Lou
  • Open Access
    Cerebral Ketones Detected by 3T MR Spectroscopy in Patients with High-Grade Glioma on an Atkins-Based Diet
    A. Berrington, K.C. Schreck, B.J. Barron, L. Blair, D.D.M. Lin, A.L. Hartman, E. Kossoff, L. Easter, C.T. Whitlow, Y. Jung, F.-C. Hsu, M.C. Cervenka, J.O. Blakeley, P.B. Barker and R.E. Strowd
  • Open Access
    Hemodynamic Analysis of Postoperative Rupture of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms after Placement of Flow-Diverting Stents: A Matched Case-Control Study
    W. Li, Z. Tian, W. Zhu, Y.S. Zhang, K. Wang, Y. Zhang, Y. Wang, X. Yang and J. Liu

    The authors enrolled 10 patients with intracranial aneurysms, treated with flow diverters between September 2014 and December 2018, who experienced postoperative aneurysm rupture. They matched these subjects 1:2 with 20 with postoperative unruptured intracranial aneurysms based on clinical and morphologic factors. Using computational fluid dynamics, they assessed hemodynamic changes pre- and posttreatment between the 2 groups on a number of qualitative and quantitative parameters. Compared with pretreatment, unstable flow pattern and higher energy loss after Pipeline Embolization Device placement for intracranial aneurysm may be the important hemodynamic risk factors related to delayed aneurysm rupture.

  • The Fate of Unruptured Intracranial Vertebrobasilar Dissecting Aneurysm with Brain Stem Compression According to Different Treatment Modalities
    D.Y. Cho, B.-S. Kim, J.H. Choi, Y.K. Park and Y.S. Shin
  • Placement of a Stent within a Flow Diverter Improves Aneurysm Occlusion Rates
    O. Ocal, A. Peker, S. Balci and A. Arat
  • Open Access
    Novel Models for Identification of the Ruptured Aneurysm in Patients with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage with Multiple Aneurysms
    H. Rajabzadeh-Oghaz, J. Wang, N. Varble, S.-I. Sugiyama, A. Shimizu, L. Jing, J. Liu, X. Yang, A.H. Siddiqui, J.M. Davies and H. Meng
  • Transitioning to Transradial Access for Cerebral Aneurysm Embolization
    C. Chivot, R. Bouzerar and T. Yzet
  • Open Access
    MR Imaging of the Extracranial Facial Nerve with the CISS Sequence
    J.P. Guenette, N. Ben-Shlomo, J. Jayender, R.T. Seethamraju, V. Kimbrell, N.-A. Tran, R.Y. Huang, C.J. Kim, J.I. Kass, C.E. Corrales and T.C. Lee
  • Diagnostic Accuracy and Scope of Intraoperative Transoral Ultrasound and Transoral Ultrasound–Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration of Retropharyngeal Masses
    T.H. Vu, M. Kwon, S. Ahmed, M. Gule-Monroe, M.M. Chen, J. Sun, B.D. Fornage, J.M. Debnam and B. Edeiken-Monroe
  • Armed Kyphoplasty: An Indirect Central Canal Decompression Technique in Burst Fractures
    A. Venier, L. Roccatagliata, M. Isalberti, P. Scarone, D.E. Kuhlen, M. Reinert, G. Bonaldi, J.A. Hirsch and A. Cianfoni

    This study assesses the results of armed kyphoplasty using vertebral body stents or the SpineJack in traumatic, osteoporotic, and neoplastic burst fractures with respect to vertebral body height restoration and correction of posterior wall retropulsion. The authors performed a retrospective assessment of 53 burst fractures with posterior wall retropulsion and no neurologic deficit in 51 consecutive patients treated with armed kyphoplasty. Posterior wall retropulsion and vertebral body height were measured on pre- and postprocedural CT. Armed kyphoplasty was performed as a stand-alone treatment in 43 patients, combined with posterior instrumentation in 8 and laminectomy in 4. Pre-armed kyphoplasty and post-armed kyphoplasty mean posterior wall retropulsion was 5.8 and 4.5 mm, respectively, and mean vertebral body height was 10.8 and 16.7 mm, respectively. They conclude that in the treatment of burst fractures with posterior wall retropulsion and no neurologic deficit, armed kyphoplastyyields fracture reduction, internal fixation, and indirect central canal decompression.

  • Unintended Consequences: Review of New Artifacts Introduced by Iterative Reconstruction CT Metal Artifact Reduction in Spine Imaging
    D.R. Wayer, N.Y. Kim, B.J. Otto, A.M. Grayev and A.D. Kuner

35 Years Ago in AJNR

  • Celebrating 35 Years of the AJNR

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