Imaging Carotid Atherosclerosis Plaque Ulceration: Comparison of Advanced Imaging Modalities and Recent Developments

REFERENCES

1. 1.↵
   World Health Organization. Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs): Fact Sheet No. 317. 2011. Geneva: World Health Organization Google Scholar; 2011
2. 2.↵
   2. Kistler JP,
   3. Furie KL

   . Carotid endarterectomy revisited. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1743–45 doi:10.1056/NEJM200006083422310 pmid:10841879

   CrossRefPubMed
3. 3.↵
   2. Eliasziw M,
   3. Streifler JY,
   4. Fox AJ, et al

   . Significance of plaque ulceration in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis: North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial. Stroke 1994;25:304–08 doi:10.1161/01.STR.25.2.304 pmid:8303736

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
4. 4.↵
   2. Handa N,
   3. Matsumoto M,
   4. Maeda H, et al

   . Ischemic stroke events and carotid atherosclerosis: results of the Osaka follow-up study for ultrasonographic assessment of carotid atherosclerosis (the OSACA Study). Stroke 1995;26:1781–86 doi:10.1161/01.STR.26.10.1781 pmid:7570725

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
5. 5.↵
   2. Rothwell P,
   3. Villagra R,
   4. Gibson R, et al

   . Evidence of a chronic systemic cause of instability of atherosclerotic plaques. Lancet 2000;355:19–24 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)04470-0 pmid:10615886

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
6. 6.↵
   2. Rothwell PM,
   3. Gibson R,
   4. Warlow C

   . Interrelation between plaque surface morphology and degree of stenosis on carotid angiograms and the risk of ischemic stroke in patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis: on behalf of the European Carotid Surgery Trialists' Collaborative Group. Stroke 2000;31:615–21 doi:10.1161/01.STR.31.3.615 pmid:10700494

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
7. 7.↵
   2. Prabhakaran S,
   3. Rundek T,
   4. Ramas R, et al

   . Carotid plaque surface irregularity predicts ischemic stroke: the northern Manhattan study. Stroke 2006;37:2696–701 doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000244780.82190.a4 pmid:17008627

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
8. 8.↵
   2. Rothwell PM,
   3. Mehta Z,
   4. Howard SC, et al

   . Treating individuals 3: from subgroups to individuals—general principles and the example of carotid endarterectomy. Lancet 2005;365:256–65 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)70156-2 pmid:15652609

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
9. 9.↵
   2. Sadat U,
   3. Teng Z,
   4. Young V, et al

   . Association between biomechanical structural stresses of atherosclerotic carotid plaques and subsequent ischaemic cerebrovascular events–a longitudinal in vivo magnetic resonance imaging-based finite element study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2010;40:485–91 doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2010.07.015 pmid:20724181

   CrossRefPubMed
10. 10.↵
    2. Miskolczi L,
    3. Guterman LR,
    4. Flaherty JD, et al

    . Depiction of carotid plaque ulceration and other plaque-related disorders by intravascular sonography: a flow chamber study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1996;17:1881–90 pmid:8933872

    Abstract
11. 11.↵
    2. Stary HC,
    3. Chandler AB,
    4. Dinsmore RE, et al

    . A definition of advanced types of atherosclerotic lesions and a histological classification of atherosclerosis: a report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association. Circulation 1995;92:1355–74 doi:10.1161/01.CIR.92.5.1355 pmid:7648691

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
12. 12.↵
    2. Sitzer M,
    3. Müller W,
    4. Siebler M, et al

    . Plaque ulceration and lumen thrombus are the main sources of cerebral microemboli in high-grade internal carotid artery stenosis. Stroke 1995;26:1231–33 doi:10.1161/01.STR.26.7.1231 pmid:7604420

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
13. 13.↵
    2. Gillard J,
    3. Graves M,
    4. Hatsukami T, et al

    . Carotid Disease: The Role of Imaging in Diagnosis and Management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2007:133
14. 14.↵
    North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med 1991;325:445–53 doi:10.1056/NEJM199108153250701 pmid:1852179

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
15. 15.↵
    Randomised trial of endarterectomy for recently symptomatic carotid stenosis: final results of the MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST). Lancet 1998;351:1379–87 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)09292-1 pmid:9593407

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
16. 16.↵
    Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis: Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. JAMA 1995;273:1421–28 pmid:7723155

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
17. 17.↵
    2. Lovett J,
    3. Gallagher P,
    4. Hands L, et al

    . Histological correlates of carotid plaque surface morphology on lumen contrast imaging. Circulation 2004;110:2190–97 doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000144307.82502.32 pmid:15466633

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
18. 18.↵
    2. Hessel SJ,
    3. Adams DF,
    4. Abrams HL

    . Complications of angiography. Radiology 1981;138:273–81 doi:10.1148/radiology.138.2.7455105 pmid:7455105

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
19. 19.↵
    2. Barnett HJ,
    3. Meldrum HE,
    4. Eliasziw M

    ; North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) collaborators. The appropriate use of carotid endarterectomy. CMAJ 2002;166:1169–79 pmid:12000252

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
20. 20.↵
    2. Edwards JH,
    3. Kricheff II,
    4. Riles T, et al

    . Angiographically undetected ulceration of the carotid bifurcation as a cause of embolic stroke. Radiology 1979;132:369–73 doi:10.1148/132.2.369 pmid:461794

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
21. 21.↵
    2. Streifler JY,
    3. Eliasziw M,
    4. Fox AJ, et al

    . Angiographic detection of carotid plaque ulceration: comparison with surgical observations in a multicenter study—North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial. Stroke 1994;25:1130–32 doi:10.1161/01.STR.25.6.1130 pmid:8202969

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
22. 22.↵
    2. Gandhi D

    . Computed tomography and magnetic resonance angiography in cervicocranial vascular disease. J Neuroophthalmol 2004;24:306–14 doi:10.1097/00041327-200412000-00008 pmid:15662247

    CrossRefPubMed
23. 23.↵
    2. Ho VB,
    3. Foo TK

    . Optimization of gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography using an automated bolus-detection algorithm (MR SmartPrep): original investigation. Invest Radiol 1998;33:515–23 doi:10.1097/00004424-199809000-00006 pmid:9766035

    CrossRefPubMed
24. 24.↵
    2. Barnes R,
    3. Bone G,
    4. Reinertson J, et al

    . Noninvasive ultrasonic carotid angiography: prospective validation by contrast arteriography. Surgery 1976;80:328–35 pmid:960001

    PubMedWeb of Science
25. 25.↵
    2. Reilly LM,
    3. Lusby RJ,
    4. Hughes L, et al

    . Carotid plaque histology using real-time ultrasonography: clinical and therapeutic implications. Am J Surg 1983;146:188–93 doi:10.1016/0002-9610(83)90370-7 pmid:6192733

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
26. 26.↵
    2. Dósa E,
    3. Hirschberg K,
    4. Apor A, et al

    . Echolucent or predominantly echolucent femoral plaques predict early restenosis after eversion carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg 2010;51:345–50 doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2009.08.080 pmid:20141957

    CrossRefPubMed
27. 27.↵
    2. O'Donnell TF,
    3. Erdoes L,
    4. Mackey WC, et al

    . Correlation of B-mode ultrasound imaging and arteriography with pathologic findings at carotid endarterectomy. Arch Surg 1985;120:443–49 doi:10.1001/archsurg.1985.01390280037009 pmid:3885910

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
28. 28.↵
    2. O'Leary D,
    3. Holen J,
    4. Ricotta J, et al

    . Carotid bifurcation disease: prediction of ulceration with B-mode US. Radiology 1987;162:523–25 doi:10.1148/radiology.162.2.3541034 pmid:3541034

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
29. 29.↵
    2. Comerota AJ,
    3. Katz ML,
    4. White JV, et al

    . The preoperative diagnosis of the ulcerated carotid atheroma. J Vasc Surg 1990;11:505–10 pmid:2182913

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
30. 30.↵
    2. Hennerici M,
    3. Baezner H,
    4. Daffertshofer M

    . Ultrasound and arterial wall disease. Cerebrovasc Dis 2004;17:19–33 pmid:14694277

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
31. 31.↵
    2. Sitzer M,
    3. Müller W,
    4. Rademacher J, et al

    . Color-flow Doppler-assisted duplex imaging fails to detect ulceration in high-grade internal carotid artery stenosis. J Vasc Surg 1996;23:461–65 doi:10.1016/S0741-5214(96)80011-5 pmid:8601888

    CrossRefPubMed
32. 32.↵
    2. Mitchell DG

    . Color Doppler imaging: principles, limitations, and artifacts. Radiology 1990;177:1–10 doi:10.1148/radiology.177.1.2204956 pmid:2204956

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
33. 33.↵
    2. De Bray J,
    3. Baud J,
    4. Dauzat M

    . Consensus concerning the morphology and the risk of carotid plaques. Cerebrovasc Dis 1997;7:289–96 doi:10.1159/000108415

    CrossRefWeb of Science
34. 34.↵
    2. Anderson DC,
    3. Loewenson R,
    4. Yock D, et al

    . B-mode, real-time carotid ultrasonic imaging: correlation with angiography. Arch Neurol 1983;40:484–88 doi:10.1001/archneur.1983.04210070024008 pmid:6870608

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
35. 35.↵
    2. O'Leary D,
    3. Bryan F,
    4. Goodison M, et al

    . Measurement variability of carotid atherosclerosis: real-time (B-mode) ultrasonography and angiography. Stroke 1987;18:1011–17 doi:10.1161/01.STR.18.6.1011 pmid:3317999

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
36. 36.↵
    2. Heliopoulos J,
    3. Vadikolias K,
    4. Piperidou C, et al

    . Detection of carotid artery plaque ulceration using 3-dimensional ultrasound. J Neuroimaging 2011;21:126–31 doi:10.1111/j.1552-6569.2009.00450.x pmid:19888925

    CrossRefPubMed
37. 37.↵
    2. Geroulakos G,
    3. Hobson R,
    4. Nicolaides A

    . Ultrasonographic carotid plaque morphology in predicting stroke risk. Br J Surg 1996;83:582–87 doi:10.1002/bjs.1800830505 pmid:8689198

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
38. 38.↵
    2. Saba L,
    3. Caddeo G,
    4. Sanfilippo R, et al

    . CT and ultrasound in the study of ulcerated carotid plaque compared with surgical results: potentialities and advantages of multidetector row CT angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2007;28:1061–66 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A0486 pmid:17569958

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
39. 39.↵
    2. Steinke W,
    3. Kloetzsch C,
    4. Hennerici M

    . Carotid artery disease assessed by color Doppler flow imaging: correlation with standard Doppler sonography and angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1990;11:259–66 pmid:2107709

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
40. 40.↵
    2. ten Kate GL,
    3. van Dijk AC,
    4. van den Oord SC, et al

    . Usefulness of contrast-enhanced ultrasound for detection of carotid plaque ulceration in patients with symptomatic carotid atherosclerosis. Am J Cardiol 2013;112:292–98 doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.03.028 pmid:23587280

    CrossRefPubMed
41. 41.↵
    2. Stride E,
    3. Saffari N

    . Microbubble ultrasound contrast agents: a review. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2003;217:429–47 doi:10.1243/09544110360729072 pmid:14702981

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
42. 42.↵
    2. Schminke U,
    3. Motsch L,
    4. Hilker L, et al

    . Three-dimensional ultrasound observation of carotid artery plaque ulceration. Stroke 2000;31:1651–55 doi:10.1161/01.STR.31.7.1651 pmid:10884468

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
43. 43.↵
    2. Fenster A,
    3. Downey DB,
    4. Cardinal HN

    . Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging. Phys Med Boil 2001;46:R67 doi:10.1088/0031-9155/46/5/201 pmid:138407

    CrossRefPubMed
44. 44.↵
    2. Solberg OV,
    3. Lindseth F,
    4. Torp H, et al

    . Freehand 3D ultrasound reconstruction algorithms: a review. Ultrasound Med Boil 2007;33:991–1009 doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2007.02.015 pmid:17512655

    CrossRefPubMed
45. 45.↵
    2. Yao J,
    3. van Sambeek MR,
    4. Dall'Agata A, et al

    . Three-dimensional ultrasound study of carotid arteries before and after endarterectomy: analysis of stenotic lesions and surgical impact on the vessel. Stroke 1998;29:2026–31 doi:10.1161/01.STR.29.10.2026 pmid:9756576

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
46. 46.↵
    2. Griewing B,
    3. Schminke U,
    4. Morgenstern C, et al

    . Three-dimensional ultrasound angiography (power mode) for the quantification of carotid artery atherosclerosis. J Neuroimaging 1997;7:40–45 doi:10.1111/jon19977140 pmid:9038431

    CrossRefPubMed
47. 47.↵
    2. Palombo C,
    3. Kozakova M,
    4. Morizzo C, et al

    . Ultrafast three-dimensional ultrasound application to carotid artery imaging. Stroke 1998;29:1631–37 doi:10.1161/01.STR.29.8.1631 pmid:9707205

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
48. 48.↵
    2. Saba L,
    3. Sanfilippo R,
    4. Sannia S, et al

    . Association between carotid artery plaque volume, composition, and ulceration: a retrospective assessment with MDCT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2012;199:151–56 doi:10.2214/AJR.11.6955 pmid:22733906

    CrossRefPubMed
49. 49.↵
    2. Homburg PJ,
    3. Rozie S,
    4. van Gils MJ, et al

    . Association between carotid artery plaque ulceration and plaque composition evaluated with multidetector CT angiography. Stroke 2011;42:367–72 doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.597369 pmid:21183745

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
50. 50.↵
    2. Saba L,
    3. Caddeo G,
    4. Sanfilippo R, et al

    . Efficacy and sensitivity of axial scans and different reconstruction methods in the study of the ulcerated carotid plaque using multidetector-row CT angiography: comparison with surgical results. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2007;28:716–23 pmid:17416828

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
51. 51.↵
    2. Link J,
    3. Brossmann J,
    4. Grabener M, et al

    . Spiral CT angiography and selective digital subtraction angiography of internal carotid artery stenosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1996;17:89–94 pmid:8770255

    Abstract
52. 52.↵
    2. Korn A,
    3. Bender B,
    4. Thomas C, et al

    . Dual energy CTA of the carotid bifurcation: advantage of plaque subtraction for assessment of grade of the stenosis and morphology. Eur J Radiol 2011;80:e120–25 doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2010.08.028 pmid:20833492

    CrossRefPubMed
53. 53.↵
    2. Vlahos I,
    3. Chung R,
    4. Nair A, et al

    . Dual-energy CT: vascular applications. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2012;199:S87–97 doi:10.2214/AJR.12.9114 pmid:23097172

    CrossRefPubMed
54. 54.↵
    2. Klingebiel R,
    3. Kentenich M,
    4. Bauknecht H-C, et al

    . Comparative evaluation of 64-slice CT angiography and digital subtraction angiography in assessing the cervicocranial vasculature. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2008;4:901–07 pmid:19066008

    PubMed
55. 55.↵
    2. Manninen AL,
    3. Isokangas JM,
    4. Karttunen A, et al

    . A comparison of radiation exposure between diagnostic CTA and DSA examinations of cerebral and cervicocerebral vessels. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2012;33:2038–42 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A3123 pmid:22700752

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
56. 56.↵
    2. Hasebroock KM,
    3. Serkova NJ

    . Toxicity of MRI and CT contrast agents. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2009;5:403–16 doi:10.1517/17425250902873796 pmid:19368492

    CrossRefPubMed
57. 57.↵
    2. Laub GA,
    3. Kaiser WA

    . MR angiography with gradient motion refocusing. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1988;12:377–82 doi:10.1097/00004728-198805010-00002 pmid:3366945

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
58. 58.↵
    2. Gullberg GT,
    3. Wehrli FW,
    4. Shimakawa A, et al

    . MR vascular imaging with a fast gradient refocusing pulse sequence and reformatted images from transaxial sections. Radiology 1987;165:241–46 doi:10.1148/radiology.165.1.3628776 pmid:3628776

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
59. 59.↵
    2. Anderson C,
    3. Saloner D,
    4. Lee R, et al

    . Assessment of carotid artery stenosis by MR angiography: comparison with x-ray angiography and color-coded Doppler ultrasound. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1992;13:989–1003; discussion 1005–08 pmid:1590203

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
60. 60.↵
    2. Yucel EK,
    3. Anderson CM,
    4. Edelman RR, et al

    . AHA scientific statement: magnetic resonance angiography update on applications for extracranial arteries. Circulation 1999;100:2284–301 doi:10.1161/01.CIR.100.22.2284 pmid:10578005

    FREE Full Text
61. 61.↵
    2. Etesami M,
    3. Hoi Y,
    4. Steinman D, et al

    . Comparison of carotid plaque ulcer detection using contrast-enhanced and time-of-flight MRA techniques. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2013;34:177–84 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A3132 pmid:22627797

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
62. 62.↵
    2. Raoult H,
    3. Gauvrit JY,
    4. Schmitt P, et al

    . Non-ECG-gated unenhanced MRA of the carotids: optimization and clinical feasibility. Eur Radiol 2013;23:3020–28 doi:10.1007/s00330-013-2931-x pmid:23783783

    CrossRefPubMed
63. 63.↵
    2. Koktzoglou I,
    3. Walker MT,
    4. Meyer JR, et al

    . Nonenhanced hybridized arterial spin labeled magnetic resonance angiography of the extracranial carotid arteries using a fast low angle shot readout at 3 Tesla. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2016;18:18 doi:10.1186/s12968-016-0238-1 pmid:27067840

    CrossRefPubMed
64. 64.↵
    2. Takei N,
    3. Miyoshi M,
    4. Kabasawa H

    . Noncontrast MR angiography for supraaortic arteries using inflow enhanced inversion recovery fast spin echo imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2012;35:957–62 doi:10.1002/jmri.23515 pmid:22127993

    CrossRefPubMed
65. 65.↵
    2. Koktzoglou I,
    3. Murphy IG,
    4. Giri S, et al

    . Quiescent interval low angle shot magnetic resonance angiography of the extracranial carotid arteries. Magn Reson Med 2016;75:2072–77 doi:10.1002/mrm.25791 pmid:26072706

    CrossRefPubMed
66. 66.↵
    2. Priest AN,
    3. Graves MJ,
    4. Lomas DJ

    . Non-contrast-enhanced vascular magnetic resonance imaging using flow-dependent preparation with subtraction. Magn Reson Med 2012;67:628–37 doi:10.1002/mrm.23040 pmid:21713977

    CrossRefPubMed
67. 67.↵
    2. Demarco J,
    3. Ota H,
    4. Underhill H, et al

    . MR carotid plaque imaging and contrast-enhanced MR angiography identifies lesions associated with recent ipsilateral thromboembolic symptoms: an in vivo study at 3T. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2010;31:1395–402 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A2213 pmid:20651015

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
68. 68.↵
    2. Edelman RR,
    3. Chien D,
    4. Kim D

    . Fast selective black blood MR imaging. Radiology 1991;181:655–60 doi:10.1148/radiology.181.3.1947077 pmid:1947077

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
69. 69.↵
    2. Yarnykh VL,
    3. Yuan C

    . T1-insensitive flow suppression using quadruple inversion-recovery. Magn Reson Med 2002;48:899–905 doi:10.1002/mrm.10292 pmid:12418006

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
70. 70.↵
    2. Wang J,
    3. Yarnykh VL,
    4. Hatsukami T, et al

    . Improved suppression of plaque-mimicking artifacts in black-blood carotid atherosclerosis imaging using a multislice motion-sensitized driven-equilibrium (MSDE) turbo spin-echo (TSE) sequence. Magn Reson Med 2007;58:973–81 doi:10.1002/mrm.21385 pmid:17969103

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
71. 71.↵
    2. Li L,
    3. Miller KL,
    4. Jezzard P

    . DANTE-prepared pulse trains: a novel approach to motion-sensitized and motion-suppressed quantitative magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Med 2012;68:1423–38 doi:10.1002/mrm.24142 pmid:22246917

    CrossRefPubMed
72. 72.↵
    2. Chu B,
    3. Yuan C,
    4. Takaya N, et al

    . Images in cardiovascular medicine: serial high-spatial-resolution, multisequence magnetic resonance imaging studies identify fibrous cap rupture and penetrating ulcer into carotid atherosclerotic plaque. Circulation 2006;113:e660–61 doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.567255 pmid:16567574

    FREE Full Text
73. 73.↵
    2. Chu B,
    3. Ferguson MS,
    4. Underhill H, et al

    . Images in cardiovascular medicine: detection of carotid atherosclerotic plaque ulceration, calcification, and thrombosis by multicontrast weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 2005;112:e3–4 doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.494419 pmid:15998688

    FREE Full Text
74. 74.↵
    2. Ackerman RH,
    3. Candia MR

    . Assessment of carotid artery stenosis by MR angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1992;13:1005–08

    FREE Full Text
75. 75.↵
    2. Smith RR,
    3. Russell WF,
    4. Percy ML

    . Ultrastructure of carotid plaques. Surg Neurol 1980;14:145–53 pmid:7414501

    PubMedWeb of Science
76. 76.↵
    2. Hertzer NR,
    3. Beven EG,
    4. Benjamin SP

    . Ultramicroscopic ulcerations and thrombi of the carotid bifurcation. Arch Surg 1977;112:1394–1402 doi:10.1001/archsurg.1977.01370110128015 pmid:921536

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
77. 77.↵
    2. Fisher M,
    3. Martin A,
    4. Cosgrove M, et al

    . The NASCET-ACAS plaque project: North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial—Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. Stroke 1993;24:I24–25; discussion I31–32 pmid:8249015

    PubMed
78. 78.↵
    2. Berg M,
    3. Zhang Z,
    4. Ikonen A, et al

    . Multi-detector row CT angiography in the assessment of carotid artery disease in symptomatic patients: comparison with rotational angiography and digital subtraction angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005;26:1022–34 pmid:15891155

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
79. 79.↵
    2. Saouaf R,
    3. Grassi C,
    4. Hartnell G, et al

    . Complete MR angiography and Doppler ultrasound as the sole imaging modalities prior to carotid endarterectomy. Clin Radiol 1998;53:579–86 doi:10.1016/S0009-9260(98)80149-9 pmid:9744583

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
80. 80.↵
    2. Wintermark M,
    3. Jawadi SS,
    4. Rapp JH, et al

    . High-resolution CT imaging of carotid artery atherosclerotic plaques. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008;29:875–82 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A0950 pmid:18272562

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
81. 81.↵
    2. Silva AC,
    3. Lawder HJ,
    4. Hara A, et al

    . Innovations in CT dose reduction strategy: application of the adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction algorithm. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010;194:191–99 doi:10.2214/AJR.09.2953 pmid:20028923

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
82. 82.
    2. Yao JS,
    3. Francfort J,
    4. Flinn WR, et al

    . Sonic characterization of carotid artery plaque and its surgical significance. In: Arterial Surgery: New Diagnostic and Operative Techniques. Orlando: Grune & Stratton; 1988:161–70
83. 83.
    2. Cumming MJ,
    3. Morrow IM

    . Carotid artery stenosis: a prospective comparison of CT angiography and conventional angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1994;163:517–23 doi:10.2214/ajr.163.3.8079836 pmid:8079836

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
84. 84.
    2. Patel MR,
    3. Kuntz KM,
    4. Klufas RA, et al

    . Preoperative assessment of the carotid bifurcation: can magnetic resonance angiography and duplex ultrasonography replace contrast arteriography? Stroke 1995;26:1753–58 doi:10.1161/01.STR.26.10.1753 pmid:7570720

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
85. 85.
    2. Kagawa R,
    3. Moritake K,
    4. Shima T, et al

    . Validity of B-mode ultrasonographic findings in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy in comparison with angiographic and clinicopathologic features. Stroke 1996;27:700–05 doi:10.1161/01.STR.27.4.700 pmid:8614934

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
86. 86.
    2. Randoux B,
    3. Marro B,
    4. Koskas F, et al

    . Carotid artery stenosis: prospective comparison of CT, three-dimensional gadolinium-enhanced MR, and conventional angiography. Radiology 2001;220:179–85 doi:10.1148/radiology.220.1.r01jl35179 pmid:11425993

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
87. 87.
    2. Berg M,
    3. Manninen H,
    4. Räsänen H, et al

    . CT angiography in the assessment of carotid artery atherosclerosis. Acta Radiol 2002;43:116–24 pmid:12010286

    CrossRefPubMed
88. 88.
    2. Alvarez-Linera J,
    3. Benito-León J,
    4. Escribano J, et al

    . Prospective evaluation of carotid artery stenosis: elliptic centric contrast-enhanced MR angiography and spiral CT angiography compared with digital subtraction angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2003;24:1012–19 pmid:12748115

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
89. 89.
    2. Lv P,
    3. Lin J,
    4. Guo D, et al

    . Detection of carotid artery stenosis: a comparison between 2 unenhanced MRAs and dual-source CTA. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2014;35:2360–65 doi:10.3174/ajnr.A4073 pmid:25104291

    Abstract/FREE Full Text