Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig 1.
WM regions showed significant differences in DKI metrics between patients with T2DM and controls. The regions with decreased FA (upper row), increased MD (middle row), and decreased MK (lower row) in patients with T2DM were overlapped on the FA template. Color bars represent the t values of intergroup comparisons.
- Fig 2.
Correlations between DKI parameters and clinical/cognitive variables in the patients with T2DM and controls. A, Correlation between decreased FA in the rPF_WM and RT of ANT. B, Correlation between increased RD in rPF_WM and RT of ANT. C, Correlation between increased MD in the superior rPF_WM and disease duration. D, Correlation between increased AD in the superior rPF_WM and disease duration. E, Correlation between increased RD in the superior rPF_WM and disease duration.
- Fig 3.
WM regions that showed significant differences in DKI metrics (red) and DTI metrics (blue) between patients with T2DM and controls were overlapped on the FA template. Green represents the overlapped region of the results of the DKI and the DTI between patients with T2DM and controls.
Tables
T2DM (n = 58) Healthy Controls (n = 58) Statistics P Demographics Age (yr) 56.09 ± 8.16 54.66 ± 7.03 t = 1.012 .314 Sex (M/F) 34:24 35:23 χ2 = 0.036 .850 Education level (yr) 11.72 ± 3.31 11.07 ± 2.64 t = 1.178 .241 Clinical information Disease duration (mo) 91.25 ± 69.81 – – – BMI (kg/m2) 25.57 ± 2.19 24.64 ± 2.99 t = 1.915 .058 Systolic BP (mm Hg) 130 (110–170) 122.5 (100–170) z = −1.713 .087 Diastolic BP (mm Hg) 80 (60–100) 80 (60–100) z = −1.015 .310 FBG (mmol/L) 8.06 ± 2.81 5.13 ± 0.65 t = 7.717 <.001 HbA1c (%) 8.35 ± 2.10 5.56 ± 0.33 t = 10.020 <.001 HbA1c (mmol/mol) 67.76 ± 22.87 37.31 ± 3.62 t = 10.013 <.001 Total cholesterol (mmol/L) 5.06 ± 1.35 5.39 ± 0.91 t = −1.541 .126 Triglycerides (mmol/L) 1.66 (0.49–8.03) 1.24 (0.46–7.35) z = −1.698 .090 HDL (mmol/L) 1.15 ± 0.27 1.27 ± 0.31 t = −2.167 .032 LDL (mmol/L) 3.17 ± 0.93 3.47 ± 0.85 t = −1.799 .075 Note:—FBG indicates fasting blood glucose; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index.
↵a Data distributed normally or non-normally are presented as mean ± SD or median (range).
T2DM (n = 58) Healthy Controls (n = 58) Statistics P MMSE score 29.21 ± 0.89 29.50 ± 0.94 t = −1.720 .088 RT of ANT (ms) 536.53 ± 71.31 566.51 ± 92.09 t = −1.911 .059 ACC of ANT (%) 98.65 ± 1.83 97.89 ± 4.49 t = 1.157 .250 RPEP (%) 0.07 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.02 t = −1.908 .059 SAS 32.19 ± 6.16 30.71 ± 5.24 t = 1.397 .165 SDS 34.09 ± 7.79 31.64 ± 7.07 t = 1.772 .079 Long-term memory 10.75 ± 2.65 11.04 ± 2.85 t = −0.555 .580 Short-term memory 47.14 ± 9.25 48.69 ± 9.29 t = −0.879 .381 Forward Digit Span 8.25 ± 1.50 8.18 ± 1.26 t = 0.258 .797 Backward Digit Span 5.07 ± 1.45 5.13 ± 1.07 t = −0.230 .818 TMT-A (s) 61.65 ± 25.54 58.15 ± 27.60 t = 0.686 .494 Note:—ACC of ANT indicates the accuracy rate of Attention Network Test; RPEP, the percentage of the preservative response error; SAS, Self-Rating Anxiety Scale; SDS, Self-Rating Depressive Scale; TMT-A, Trail Making Test A; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination.
↵a Data are presented as mean ± SD.
- Table 3:
Brain regions showing significant voxel-based intergroup differences in DKI metrics
Structure Name Metrics Cluster Voxel No. Peak t Value MNI Coordinates X Y Z Splenium of CC FA 184 −4.679 −2 −34 8 rPF_WM FA 78 −4.483 30 26 20 Superior rPF_WM MD 204 5.094 10 36 36 Middle rPF_WM MD 521 5.077 14 52 10 Inferior rPF_WM MD 90 3.900 38 42 −2 lPF_WM MD 80 4.372 −46 32 26 rST_WM MD 189 4.608 34 0 −22 Splenium of CC MD 75 3.882 −2 −38 8 lEC MD 261 5.068 −32 12 −2 Pons MD 133 4.487 −6 −28 −42 Splenium of CC MK 172 −4.427 0 −32 14 Pons MK 150 −4.659 −6 −28 −42 Note:—lPF_WM indicates left prefrontal white matter; MNI, Montreal Neurological Institute; rST_WM, right superior temporal white matter.
- Table 4:
Intergroup differences of the AD and RD values that contributed to the altered FA valuesa
T2DM (n = 58) Healthy Controls (n = 58) F P rPF_WM AD, ×10−5 mm2/s 111.10 ± 4.83 111.79 ± 4.63 0.967 .328 RD, ×10−5 mm2/s 82.06 ± 5.48 78.84 ± 4.71 12.095 .001 Splenium of CC AD, ×10−5 mm2/s 288.14 ± 26.33 270.95 ± 33.14 8.490 .004 RD, ×10−5 mm2/s 179.24 ± 36.37 151.55 ± 41.77 13.321 <.001 ↵a Data are presented as mean ± SD. The intergroup comparisons were performed with ANCOVA adjusted for age, sex, and years of education.
- Table 5:
Intergroup differences of the AD and RD values that contributed to the altered MD valuesa
T2DM (n = 58) Healthy Controls (n = 58) F P Superior rPF_WM AD, ×10−5 mm2/s 111.06 ± 6.52 105.23 ± 4.25 31.431 <.001 RD, ×10−5 mm2/s 93.28 ± 6.41 87.75 ± 4.49 28.488 <.001 Middle rPF_WM AD, ×10−5 mm2/s 113.59 ± 6.04 108.52 ± 3.48 31.472 <.001 RD, ×10−5 mm2/s 90.12 ± 6.39 85.27 ± 3.53 27.982 <.001 Inferior rPF_WM AD, ×10−5 mm2/s 116.85 ± 5.98 112.19 ± 5.53 18.548 <.001 RD, ×10−5 mm2/s 84.53 ± 5.95 81.24 ± 4.38 10.752 .001 lPF_WM AD, ×10−5 mm2/s 121.75 ± 10.54 114.50 ± 6.62 19.725 <.001 RD, ×10−5 mm2/s 107.47 ± 11.40 98.84 ± 7.44 23.252 <.001 rST_WM AD, ×10−5 mm2/s 127.10 ± 10.59 119.03 ± 6.38 22.413 <.001 RD, ×10−5 mm2/s 102.70 ± 10.25 94.47 ± 5.85 25.394 <.001 Splenium of CC AD, ×10−5 mm2/s 269.21 ± 20.44 255.20 ± 24.27 9.865 .002 RD, ×10−5 mm2/s 152.25 ± 32.11 127.36 ± 32.84 15.805 <.001 lEC AD, ×10−5 mm2/s 122.54 ± 7.42 117.14 ± 4.84 21.495 <.001 RD, ×10−5 mm2/s 92.85 ± 8.70 86.36 ± 6.14 22.007 <.001 Pons AD, ×10−5 mm2/s 222.11 ± 27.07 201.58 ± 26.15 18.416 <.001 RD, ×10−5 mm2/s 177.25 ± 27.60 157.84 ± 24.38 17.237 <.001 Note:—lPF_WM indicates left prefrontal white matter; rST_WM, right superior temporal white matter.
↵a Data are presented as mean ± SD. The intergroup comparisons were performed with ANCOVA adjusted for age, sex, and years of education.
- Table 6:
Intergroup differences of the AK and RK values that contributed to the altered MK valuesa
T2DM (n = 58) Healthy Controls (n = 58) F P Splenium of CC AK, ×10−5 mm2/s 46.10 ± 2.39 47.90 ± 3.16 11.249 .001 RK, ×10−5 mm2/s 112.35 ± 22.24 131.37 ± 26.62 16.883 <.001 Pons AK, ×10−5 mm2/s 66.02 ± 6.19 71.75 ± 8.09 18.289 <.001 RK, ×10−5 mm2/s 83.59 ± 8.98 90.75 ± 8.84 17.912 <.001 ↵a Data are presented as mean ± SD. The intergroup comparisons were performed with ANCOVA adjusted for age, sex, and years of education.
