Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig 1.
Illustrative examples of segmentation of cortical gray matter volume (in red-yellow), deep gray matter volume (in green), and lesions (in blue) in patients with multiple sclerosis without (A) and with (B) cognitive impairment. Images are in radiologic convention.
Tables
- Table 1:
Lesion and volumetric MRI findings in healthy controls and patients with MS, first considered as a whole and then divided into patients who are cognitively preserved and cognitively impaired
HC MS Pa Cognitively Preserved Patients Cognitively Impaired Patients Pa T2 LV (mL) (SD) NA 10.6 (13.9) NA 7.1 (9.6) 16.5 (17.8) .01 T1 LV (mL) (SD) NA 5.5 (5.8) NA 3.6 (3.5) 8.7 (7.6) .01 DIR LV (mL) (SD) NA 0.4 (0.7) NA 0.4 (0.9) 0.4 (0.4) .4 Median CL (No.) (range) NA 3 (0–33) NA 2.0 (0–33) 6.0 (1–16) .5b Median pure CL (No.) (range) NA 1 (0–14) NA 0.5 (0–14) 1.5 (0–11) .8b Median mixed CL (No.) (range) NA 2 (0–19) NA 1.0 (0–19) 4.0 (0–9) .9b NBV (mL) (SD) 1533 (79) 1436 (145) <.001 1460 (98) 1395 (113) .006 NGMV (mL) (SD) 826 (56) 776 (67) .0002 793 (68) 748 (57) .02 NCGMV (mL) (SD) 638 (48) 599 (53) .0004 612 (55) 578 (43) .02 NWMV (mL) (SD) 706 (40) 659 (68) <.001 667 (54) 645 (88) .03 Total normalized deep GM volume (mL) (SD) 28.1 (1.7) 24.7 (3.1) <.001 25.8 (2.4) 23.0 (3.5) <.001 Average normalized thalamus volume (mL) (SD) 11.1 (0.7) 9.7 (1.3) <.001 10.1 (1.0) 9.0 (1.4) .0007 Average normalized caudate volume (mL) (SD) 5.0 (0.5) 4.4 (0.7) <.001 4.5 (0.6) 4.1 (0.7) .02 Average normalized putamen volume (mL) (SD) 6.8 (0.6) 6.1 (0.9) <.001 6.5 (0.7) 5.5 (0.9) <.001 Average normalized pallidum volume (mL) (SD) 2.5 (0.3) 2.2 (0.2) <.001 2.3 (0.1) 2.1 (0.3) .05 Average normalized hippocampus volume (mL) (SD) 5.3 (0.4) 4.8 (0.6) <.001 5.0 (0.5) 4.5 (0.7) .004 Average normalized amygdala volume (mL) (SD) 1.8 (0.3) 1.6 (0.3) .001 1.7 (0.3) 1.5 (0.3) .05 Average normalized accumbens volume (mL) (SD) 0.7 (0.1) 0.6 (0.1) .004 0.6 (0.1) 0.5 (0.1) .01 Note:—NA indicates not applicable; NBV, normalized brain volume; NGMV, normalized GM volume; NCGMV, normalized cortical GM volume; NWMV, normalized WM volume.
↵a Age- and site-adjusted linear mixed-effect model with random intercept for recruitment site.
↵b Age-adjusted negative binomial mixed-effect model with random intercept for recruitment site (false discovery rate–corrected).
- Table 2:
Correlations between lesion and volumetric MRI measures of WM and GM with clinical and neuropsychological variables (age-adjusted linear mixed-effect model with random intercept for recruitment site, false discovery rate–corrected)a
MRI Measure Global Cognitive Z Score Attention Z Score Visual Memory Z Score Executive Functions (WCSTpr) EDSS T2 LV −0.35 (.01) −0.33 (.008) −0.34 (.03) −0.25 (.06) NS T1 LV −0.31 (.02) −0.31 (.01) −0.33 (.03) −0.28 (.05) NS NBV 0.44 (.01) 0.44 (.001) 0.35 (.03) NS −0.33 (.01) NGMV 0.36 (.01) 0.31 (.01) NS NS NS NCGMV 0.42 (.01) 0.36 (.01) NS NS NS NWMV 0.37 (.01) 0.40 (.004) 0.35 (.03) NS −0.35 (.008) Total normalized deep GM volume 0.40 (.001) 0.47 (<.001) 0.33 (.04) NS −0.29 (.03) Average normalized thalamus volume 0.36 (.002) 0.41 (.0005) 0.30 (.05) NS NS Average normalized caudate volume 0.40 (.001) 0.50 (<.001) NS NS NS Average normalized putamen volume 0.40 (.001) 0.46 (.0001) 0.37 (.03) NS −0.30 (.03) Average normalized pallidum volume 0.25 (.03) 0.34 (.003) NS NS −0.35 (.01) Average normalized hippocampus volume 0.39 (.001) 0.34 (.003) NS NS NS Average normalized amygdala volume 0.33 (.01) 0.33 (.01) NS NS NS Average normalized accumbens volume 0.32 (.009) 0.36 (.003) NS NS NS Note:—NS indicates not significant; WCSTpr, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, number of perseverative responses; NBV, normalized brain volume; NGMV, normalized GM volume; NCGMV, normalized cortical GM volume; NWMV, normalized WM volume.
↵a Correlations are reported as standardized coefficients (to include size effect), and P values are reported in parentheses.
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