Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIGURE.
Areas of significantly (Puncorrected < .001) reduced cortical perfusion in RRMS subgroups and healthy controls, with volumes for atrophied regions added as covariates. Green indicates healthy controls versus nonimpaired RRMS; red, healthy controls versus cognitively impaired RRMS; and yellow, nonimpaired RRMS versus cognitively impaired RRMS.
Tables
- Table 1:
Demographic, neurologic, and neuropsychological data of healthy controls and patients with RRMSa
Healthy Controls (n = 19) Cognitively Nonimpaired RRMS (n = 19) Cognitively Impaired RRMS (n = 20) Demographic and clinical data Age (yr) 49.0 ± 7.1 46.4 ± 7.2 48.1 ± 4.7 Sex (F/M) 14:5 15:4 12:8 Education (yr) 16.9 ± 2.9b 16.1 ± 1.3 14.6 ± 1.9b Disease duration (yr) NA 11.8 ± 5.4 11.6 ± 4.9 EDSS NA 1.8 ± 0.7c 2.6 ± 0.7c HADS-Anxiety 4.4 ± 4.3b,d 6.37 ± 3.1d 8.5 ± 3.7b HADS-Depression 2.3 ± 2.3b 3.5 ± 3.2c 7.6 ± 2.9b,c Treatment NA β-interferon 4 (21%) 3 (15%) Other immune suppressors 11 (58%) 12 (60%) None 4 (21%) 5 (25%) Presence of enhancing lesions NA 1 (5%) 5 (25%) Volumetric data (cm3) GM 653.37 ± 81.51 618.83 ± 53.94 605.09 ± 60.90 WM 458.22 ± 65.02b 421.84 ± 39.29 414.53 ± 71.56b BG 19.41 ± 2.75 18.68 ± 2.52 18.04 ± 2.93 Th 9.83 ± 1.92b 9.14 ± 1.98 7.91 ± 1.88b CL 0.00 ± 0.00b 0.12 ± 0.11 0.22 ± 0.36b T2H 0.00 ± 0.00b 9.37 ± 10.02 13.47 ± 13.30b T1bh 0.00 ± 0.00b 3.21 ± 2.98 5.85 ± 6.77b CSF 320.89 ± 210.43b 353.22 ± 131.71 400.29 ± 173.78b Neurocognitive tests (z score) COWAT-FAS −0.67 ± 0.83 −0.26 ± 1.06c −1.16 ± 0.89c COWAT-Animals −0.13 ± 1.14 −0.41 ± 0.95c −0.59 ± 1.18c BVMT-IR −0.37 ± 1.15b −0.07 ± 1.04c −1.68 ± 1.34b,c BVMT-DR −0.40 ± 1.14b −0.42 ± 0.77c −1.62 ± 1.48b,c PASAT-3 −0.39 ± 0.94b −0.05 ± 0.61c −1.71 ± 0.82b,c PASAT-2 −0.21 ± 0.89b −0.26 ± 0.66c −1.80 ± 0.57b,c JLO −0.98 ± 0.20 −0.83 ± 0.56 −0.40 ± 0.67 SDMT −0.14 ± 0.92b −0.02 ± 0.75c −1.80 ± 1.17b,c CVLT II-IR −0.25 ± 1.05b −0.23 ± 1.04c −1.94 ± 1.36b,c CVLT II-DR −0.11 ± 0.66b −0.21 ± 0.92c −2.20 ± 1.61b,c DKEFS-ST −0.51 ± 0.73 −0.26 ± 0.61 −0.20 ± 1.25 Note:—NA indicates not applicable; EDSS, Expanded Disability Status Score; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; COWAT, Controlled Oral Word Association Test; BVMT, Brief Visuospatial Test- Revised; PASAT, Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test; JLO, Judgment of Line Orientation Test; SDMT, Symbol Digit Modalities Test; CVLT II, California Verbal Learning Test-II; IR, immediate recall; DR, delayed recall; DKEFS-ST, Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System Sorting Test; BG, basal ganglia; Th, thalamus; CL, cortical lesions; T2H, T2 hyperintensities; T1bh, T1 black holes.
↵a Significance at P <.017, corrected for multiple comparisons; all values are means unless specified.
↵b Healthy controls vs patients with RRMS with cognitive impairment..
↵c Patients with RRMS without impairment vs those with cognitive impairment.
↵d Healthy controls vs patients with RRMS without impairment.
- Table 2:
Areas of significantly (Puncorrected < .001) reduced cortical perfusion in RRMS subgroups and healthy controls, with volumes for atrophied regions added as covariates
qCBF qCBV Anatomic Regions Cluster Size MNI Coordinates t Values x y z HC vs CI HC vs NI NI vs CI ✓ ✓ Left superior frontal gyrus (BAs 6, 10)a 78 −32 50 28 3.52 3.62 ✓ Right middle frontal gyrus (BA 6)a 26 34 0 64 3.31 ✓ ✓ Left middle frontal gyrus (BAs 10, 11, 46)a 100 −22 56 26 4.79 4.56 3.21 ✓ Left inferior frontal gyrus (BA 46) 21 −48 30 20 3.29 ✓ Right parahippocampal gyrus (BA 28)a 27 24 −22 −12 4.15 ✓ ✓ Right lingual gyrusa 101 12 −72 −2 5.11 ✓ Left lingual gyrus (BA 18) 72 −6 −68 2 3.99 ✓ Right inferior parietal lobule (BA 40)a 22 48 −40 56 3.98 ✓ Right superior temporal gyrus (BA 38) 38 28 10 −46 3.64 ✓ Left temporal fusiform gyrus (BA 20)a 134 −44 −22 −30 3.74 ✓ Left caudate heada 36 −10 6 4 3.64 ✓ Right caudate body 24 18 −20 26 3.68 ✓ Left thalamic medial dorsal nucleia 31 −6 −18 6 3.63 Note:—CI indicates patients with RRMS with cognitive impairment; NI, patients with RRMS without impairment; ✓, anatomic region was present in VBM analysis for this map.
↵a Anatomic regions remained significant from previous VBM analysis without atrophy areas added as covariates.
