Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging in Pediatric Arterial Ischemic Stroke: A Valuable Alternative for the Noninvasive Evaluation of Altered Cerebral Hemodynamics

REFERENCES

1. 1.↵
   2. Amlie-Lefond C,
   3. Sébire G,
   4. Fullerton HJ

   . Recent developments in childhood arterial ischaemic stroke. Lancet Neurol 2008;7:425–35

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
2. 2.↵
   2. deVeber GA,
   3. MacGregor D,
   4. Curtis R, et al

   . Neurologic outcome in survivors of childhood arterial ischemic stroke and sinovenous thrombosis. J Child Neurol 2000;15:316–24

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
3. 3.↵
   2. Ganesan V,
   3. Hogan A,
   4. Shack N, et al

   . Outcome after ischaemic stroke in childhood. Dev Med Child Neurol 2000;42:455–61

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
4. 4.↵
   2. Monagle P,
   3. Chalmers E,
   4. Chan A, et al

   . Antithrombotic therapy in neonates and children: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 2008;133(6 suppl):887S–968S

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
5. 5.↵
   2. Roach ES,
   3. Golomb MR,
   4. Adams R, et al

   . Management of stroke in infants and children: a scientific statement from a Special Writing Group of the American Heart Association Stroke Council and the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young. Stroke 2008;39:2644–91

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
6. 6.↵
   2. Rafay MF,
   3. Pontigon AM,
   4. Chiang J, et al

   . Delay to diagnosis in acute pediatric arterial ischemic stroke. Stroke 2009;40:58–64

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
7. 7.↵
   2. Gadian DG,
   3. Calamante F,
   4. Kirkham FJ, et al

   . Diffusion and perfusion magnetic resonance imaging in childhood stroke. J Child Neurol 2000;15:279–83

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
8. 8.↵
   2. Bosemani T,
   3. Poretti A,
   4. Huisman TA

   . Susceptibility-weighted imaging in pediatric neuroimaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2014;40:530–44

   CrossRefPubMed
9. 9.↵
   2. Chalian M,
   3. Tekes A,
   4. Meoded A, et al

   . Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI): a potential non-invasive imaging tool for characterizing ischemic brain injury? J Neuroradiol 2011;38:187–90

   CrossRefPubMed
10. 10.↵
    2. Kao HW,
    3. Tsai FY,
    4. Hasso AN

    . Predicting stroke evolution: comparison of susceptibility-weighted MR imaging with MR perfusion. Eur Radiol 2012;22:1397–403

    CrossRefPubMed
11. 11.↵
    2. Kesavadas C,
    3. Thomas B,
    4. Pendharakar H, et al

    . Susceptibility weighted imaging: does it give information similar to perfusion weighted imaging in acute stroke? J Neurol 2011;258:932–34

    CrossRefPubMed
12. 12.↵
    2. Meoded A,
    3. Poretti A,
    4. Benson JE, et al

    . Evaluation of the ischemic penumbra focusing on the venous drainage: the role of susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) in pediatric ischemic cerebral stroke. J Neuroradiol 2014;41:108–16

    CrossRefPubMed
13. 13.↵
    2. Bosemani T,
    3. Poretti A,
    4. Orman G, et al

    . Pediatric cerebral stroke: susceptibility-weighted imaging may predict post-ischemic malignant edema. Neuroradiol J 2013;26:579–83

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
14. 14.↵
    2. Pexman JH,
    3. Barber PA,
    4. Hill MD, et al

    . Use of the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) for assessing CT scans in patients with acute stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2001;22:1534–42

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
15. 15.↵
    2. Santhosh K,
    3. Kesavadas C,
    4. Thomas B, et al

    . Susceptibility weighted imaging: a new tool in magnetic resonance imaging of stroke. Clin Radiol 2009;64:74–83

    CrossRefPubMed
16. 16.↵
    2. Wycliffe ND,
    3. Choe J,
    4. Holshouser B, et al

    . Reliability in detection of hemorrhage in acute stroke by a new three-dimensional gradient recalled echo susceptibility-weighted imaging technique compared to computed tomography: a retrospective study. J Magn Reson Imaging 2004;20:372–77

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
17. 17.↵
    2. Mittal S,
    3. Wu Z,
    4. Neelavalli J, et al

    . Susceptibility-weighted imaging: technical aspects and clinical applications, part 2. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2009;30:232–52

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
18. 18.↵
    2. Verschuuren S,
    3. Poretti A,
    4. Buerki S, et al

    . Susceptibility-weighted imaging of the pediatric brain. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2012;198:W440–49

    CrossRefPubMed
19. 19.↵
    2. Akter M,
    3. Hirai T,
    4. Hiai Y, et al

    . Detection of hemorrhagic hypointense foci in the brain on susceptibility-weighted imaging clinical and phantom studies. Acad Radiol 2007;14:1011–19

    CrossRefPubMed
20. 20.↵
    2. Astrup J,
    3. Siesjö BK,
    4. Symon L

    . Thresholds in cerebral ischemia: the ischemic penumbra. Stroke 1981;12:723–25

    FREE Full Text
21. 21.↵
    2. Bernard TJ,
    3. Rivkin MJ,
    4. Scholz K, et al

    . Emergence of the primary pediatric stroke center: impact of the Thrombolysis in Pediatric Stroke Trial. Stroke 2014;45:2018–23

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
22. 22.↵
    2. Marecos C,
    3. Gunny R,
    4. Robinson R, et al

    . Are children with acute arterial ischaemic stroke eligible for hyperacute thrombolysis? A retrospective audit from a tertiary UK centre. Dev Med Child Neurol 2015;57:181–86

    CrossRefPubMed
23. 23.↵
    2. Albers GW

    . Expanding the window for thrombolytic therapy in acute stroke. The potential role of acute MRI for patient selection. Stroke 1999;30:2230–37

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
24. 24.↵
    2. Baron JC

    . Mapping the ischaemic penumbra with PET: implications for acute stroke treatment. Cerebrovasc Dis 1999;9:193–201

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
25. 25.↵
    2. Baron JC,
    3. Rougemont D,
    4. Soussaline F, et al

    . Local interrelationships of cerebral oxygen consumption and glucose utilization in normal subjects and in ischemic stroke patients: a positron tomography study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1984;4:140–49

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
26. 26.↵
    2. Meoded A,
    3. Poretti A,
    4. Tekes A, et al

    . Clinical vignette: role of susceptibility-weighted imaging in predicting stroke evolution. Neurographics 2013;3:159–63

    CrossRef
27. 27.↵
    2. Ramaswamy V,
    3. Mehta V,
    4. Bauman M, et al

    . Decompressive hemicraniectomy in children with severe ischemic stroke and life-threatening cerebral edema. J Child Neurol 2008;23:889–94

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
28. 28.↵
    2. Rahme R,
    3. Jimenez L,
    4. Bashir U, et al

    . Malignant MCA territory infarction in the pediatric population: subgroup analysis of the Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study. Childs Nerv Syst 2013;29:99–103

    CrossRefPubMed
29. 29.↵
    2. Dohmen C,
    3. Bosche B,
    4. Graf R, et al

    . Identification and clinical impact of impaired cerebrovascular autoregulation in patients with malignant middle cerebral artery infarction. Stroke 2007;38:56–61

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
30. 30.↵
    2. Treadwell SD,
    3. Thanvi B

    . Malignant middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarction: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. Postgrad Med J 2010;86:235–42

    Abstract/FREE Full Text