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Research ArticleNeurointervention
Open Access

An Enhanced Model of Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Nonhuman Primates Using an Endovascular Trapping Technique

F.C. Tong, X. Zhang, D.J. Kempf, M.S. Yepes, F.R. Connor-Stroud, S. Zola and L. Howell
American Journal of Neuroradiology December 2015, 36 (12) 2354-2359; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A4448
F.C. Tong
aFrom the Departments of Radiology and Neurosurgery (F.C.T.)
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X. Zhang
dYerkes National Primate Research Center (X.Z., D.J.K., F.R.C.-S, S.Z., L.H.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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D.J. Kempf
dYerkes National Primate Research Center (X.Z., D.J.K., F.R.C.-S, S.Z., L.H.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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M.S. Yepes
bNeurology (M.S.Y.)
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F.R. Connor-Stroud
dYerkes National Primate Research Center (X.Z., D.J.K., F.R.C.-S, S.Z., L.H.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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S. Zola
cPsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (S.Z., L.H.), School of Medicine
dYerkes National Primate Research Center (X.Z., D.J.K., F.R.C.-S, S.Z., L.H.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
eAtlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center (S.Z.), Decatur, Georgia.
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L. Howell
cPsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (S.Z., L.H.), School of Medicine
dYerkes National Primate Research Center (X.Z., D.J.K., F.R.C.-S, S.Z., L.H.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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  • Fig 1.
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    Fig 1.

    Upper left: lateral angiogram from right internal carotid artery injection. Upper Right: superselective microcatheter angiogram in the right M3 branch. Lower Left: 96-hour FLAIR image showing cortical infarct. Lower Right: 96-hour reconstructed coronal FLAIR image showing cortical infarct with sparing of the basal ganglia.

  • Fig 2.
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    Fig 2.

    Upper: coronal FLAIR images showing cortical infarction at 96 hours. Lower: corresponding hematoxylin-eosin-stained anatomic sections following sacrifice.

Tables

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    Table 1:

    Experimental infarct volumes (cc) estimated from the diffusion-weighted images at various time intervals postocclusion

    Stroke TimingRVI3RCE3RFP6RJJ3RFA5RRI3PH1019RVG4Average (±SEM)
    6 Hours3.38.80.64.64.91.60.51.23.18 ± 1.007
    48 Hours3.312.910.03.07.23.86.70 ± 1.666
    96 Hours9.53.38.67.57.23 ± 1.371
    • Note:—SEM indicates standard error of the mean; RV13, RCE3, RFP6, RJJ3, RFA5, RR13, PH1019, RVG4, rhesus monkey subjects.

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    Table 2:

    Spetzler neurologic deficit scoring

    Scoring
    Motor function
        Severe hemiparesis10
    Mild hemiparesis25
        Normal strength: favors opposite extremity55
        Normal strength: normal function70
    Behavior
        Death0
        Coma1
        Aware of surroundings: not active5
        Aware of surroundings: moves in response to examiner15
        Normal aggression20
    Ocular and cranial nerve function
        Facial movement: paretic1
        Facial movement: normal5
        Visual field: hemianopic1
        Visual field: normal5
    • View popup
    Table 3:

    Survival subject neurologic score

    SubjectBaseline24 Hours48 Hours96 HoursBasal Ganglia InvolvementSxs
    RFP61004651YesSeizures
    RJJ31002121NoSevere hemiparesis, hemianopsia
    RFA5100468585No
    RRI3100818585No
    PH1019100858585No
    RVG4100858581No
    Mean10060.768.784
    • Note:—Sxs indicates major symptoms.

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American Journal of Neuroradiology: 36 (12)
American Journal of Neuroradiology
Vol. 36, Issue 12
1 Dec 2015
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Cite this article
F.C. Tong, X. Zhang, D.J. Kempf, M.S. Yepes, F.R. Connor-Stroud, S. Zola, L. Howell
An Enhanced Model of Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Nonhuman Primates Using an Endovascular Trapping Technique
American Journal of Neuroradiology Dec 2015, 36 (12) 2354-2359; DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A4448

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An Enhanced Model of Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Nonhuman Primates Using an Endovascular Trapping Technique
F.C. Tong, X. Zhang, D.J. Kempf, M.S. Yepes, F.R. Connor-Stroud, S. Zola, L. Howell
American Journal of Neuroradiology Dec 2015, 36 (12) 2354-2359; DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A4448
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