Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig 1.
A, Digital subtraction angiogram of an elastase-induced aneurysm. B, Reconstructed 3D geometry from 3DRA images. C, Idealized maximum velocity waveform applied at inlet. D, Computational domain for CFD analysis with flow directions (red arrows), inlet surfaces (Γ1), and outflow surface (Γ2 and Γ3 for high AR models and Γ2-Γ6 for low AR models).
- Fig 2.
A, Range in geometric features for human aneurysms and rabbit model aneurysms: maximum diameter (millimeters), neck diameter (millimeters), height (millimeters), volume (cubic millimeters), and surface area (square millimeters). B, Range in geometric indices: D/N, D/H, H/N, and NSI. C, Distribution of AR for rabbit aneurysms. D, Distribution of NSI for rabbit aneurysms.
- Fig 3.
Hemodynamic results for representative low and high AR cases. A, Top row: Streamlines at peak systole displaying 2 types of flow structures. Color designates velocity magnitude (millimeters per second). Bottom row: Corresponding normal component of velocity (millimeters per second) at the aneurysm neck are shown below. Heights are not drawn to scale. Color reflects magnitude. B, Left column: Pressure (left column, pascals) at peak systole relative to zero reference pressure at the inlet surface Γ1 (1 mm Hg = 133.3 Pa). Center and right columns: Two views of OSI distribution. Arrows indicate regions of elevated OSI. C, TAWSS (pascals) and WSS (pascals) at peak systole (1 PA = 10 dynes/cm2). WSS contours in logarithmic scale. Red and black arrows indicate the maximum/minimum value in aneurysm sac.
Tables
Human Aneurysm Study Compared No. of Aneurysms Parameters Reported Corresponding to Rabbit Aneurysms Geometry Parlea et al (1999)9 87 Cases D, H, N, D/h, AR, BF Raghavan et al (2005)10 27 Cases: 9 ruptured; 18 unruptured D, H, N, V, S, AR, BF, NSI Jou et al (2008)4 26 Cases: 8 ruptured; 18 unruptured DPA, N, AR, S Hemodynamics Cebral et al (2005)2 62 Cases TAWSS, flow structure, impingement region, pressure, OSI Hassan et al (2005)3 68 Cases WSS, flow structure Jou et al (2008)4 26 Cases WSS (end diastole) Karmonik et al (2010)8 6 Cases OSI Sirenman et al (2003)7 2 Cases TAWSS, velocity field, flow structure, OSI Shojima et al (2004)5 20 Cases WSS (peak systole) Shojima et al (2005)6 29 Cases Pressure - Table 2:
Comparison of geometric features in rabbit aneurysms (N = 51) and human aneurysms
Geometric Features Rabbit Aneurysms Human Aneurysmsa Mean Range Mean Range D (mm) 5.27 ± 1.02 2.46–7.86 Ruptured 4.87 ± 1.86; unruptured 4.81 ± 1.3710 1–11.49 N (mm) 4.12 ± 1.01 2.35–7.08 Ruptured 3.79 ± 1.58; unruptured 4.25 ± 1.3810; ruptured 4.1 ± 1.1; unruptured 4.1 ± 1.24 1.1–12.99 H (mm) 7.98 ± 2.79 2.50–14.10 Ruptured 6.55 ± 3.80; unruptured 5.13 ± 1.5410 1.5–22.69 DPPA (mm) 4.01 ± 0.55 3.10–5.25 Internal carotid: 3.56 mm; basilar: 3.23 mm9; internal carotid: 4.7 mm4 – DDPA (mm) 3.26 ± 0.51 2.5–4.23 V (mm3) 146 ± 98 18–478 Ruptured 146 ± 219; unruptured 84 ± 5910 13–70010 S (mm2) 142 ± 66 40–331 Ruptured 122 ± 128; unruptured 83 ± 4110; ruptured 256 ± 351; unruptured 124 ± 1104 26–44210 BF (D/N) 1.31 ± 0.24 1.00–1.91 Ruptured 1.387 ± 0.492; unruptured 1.156 ± 0.17110; 1.91 ± 0.869 0.79–6.359 D/h 0.72 ± 0.25 0.41–1.78 1.11 ± 0.299 0.49–1.809 AR (H/N) 2.01 ± 0.76 0.56–3.98 Ruptured 1.85 ± 0.79; unruptured 1.27 ± 0.4010; 1.86 ± 0.869; ruptured 2.0 ± 0. 9; unruptured 1.5 ± 0.84 0.60–5.539 NSI 0.28 ± 0.03 0.15–0.36 Ruptured 0.233 ± 0.061; unruptured 0.156 ± 0.05810 0.073–0.3210 a From published results.
Hemodynamic Features Rabbit Aneurysms Human Aneurysmsa Re Range, 200–400 Range, 200–50033,34 α Range, 2.5–5.0 Range, 1.5–5.035 Flow pattern Type A: single stationary recirculation; type B: single stationary recirculation in lower sac and secondary transient recirculation in the dome 4 Flow categories including types A and B2 Pressure difference between parent artery and sac (mm Hg) 0.36 ± 0.19; Range, 0.1–0.5 0.89 ± 0.686; ∼0.52 OSI Elevated 0.3–0.4 at neck (N = 51), sidewalls of sac (n = 15), dome (n = 18) Elevated OSI, 0.24–0.47 at neck, sidewall, and dome7,8 Spatially averaged WSS at peak systole (aneurysm sac, Pa) 0.49 ± 0.62; Range, 0.02–3.2 1.64 ± 1.165; Range, 0.1–3.45 Spatially averaged TAWSS (aneurysm sac, Pa) 0.13 ± 0.20; Range, 0.002–1.23 – Spatially averaged WSS at peak systole (PPA, Pa) 2.16 ± 0.93; Range, 1.02–4.89 3.64 ± 1.255 Spatially averaged TAWSS (PPA, Pa) 0.81 ± 0.33; Range; 0.23–1.48 – Location of maximum WSS Distal neck (n = 51) Neck3,5; often at distal neck4 Location of minimum WSS Dome (<0.1 Pa) Dome3–5 a From published results.
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