Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig 1.
Multicontrast images from the baseline examination of a 68-year-old man. The axial images are consecutive sections of the right internal carotid artery beginning at the flow divider (column A). There are substantial flow artifacts due to the proximity of the bifurcation. In column D, 2 separate lumens are developing in the internal carotid artery as indicated by 2 levels of intensity on TOF and a band of tissue (arrowheads) separating the true lumen from a penetrating ulcer (arrow). The ulceration extends into the adjacent more distal section (column E). There is no evidence of an LRNC in this artery. Asterisk indicates the lumen of the external carotid artery.
- Fig 2.
Multicontrast images from the right carotid artery of a 78-year-old man. Baseline images (top panel) demonstrate the presence of a relatively small lesion and minimal lumen narrowing, but a large portion of the arterial wall is occupied by the LRNC. There is an identifiable band of tissue separating the LRNC (white arrowheads, hypointense signal intensity on T2) from the lumen on T2, which is consistent with the presence of a thick fibrous cap. At 3 years (bottom panel), there is an identifiable surface disruption (white arrow) on both axial images and the longitudinal scout image. The dashed line on the longitudinal image represents the imaging location of the axial image in column B. IPH is not present at baseline or at follow-up, but there is visual evidence of an increase in plaque burden and a reduction in lumen area, particularly in column D. The asterisk indicates the lumen of either the common carotid artery or the internal carotid artery; the black arrowhead, calcification.
- Fig 3.
Plots from ROC analysis for development of a new surface disruption.
Tables
Mean ± SD or % Range Age (yrs) 70.7 ± 9.3 44–88 Male sex 89.0 Body mass index 27.9 ± 4.9 18.9–54.3 Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)a 144.9 ± 21.0 98.5–194.0 Smoking Never smoked 13.0 Quit 51.4 Active 35.5 Diabetes mellitus 26.0 History of coronary artery disease 50.0 History of hypertension 88.0 History of hypercholesterolemia 86.1 Statin therapy 72.0 Minimum lumen area (mm2) 17.8 ± 10.0 3.1–51.4 Percentage wall volume 39.8 ± 13.1 18.7–82.9 Presence of LRNC 48.1 Presence of calcification 70.4 Presence of IPH 29.6 Percentage LRNC volume (n = 52) 16.5 ± 15.9 0.3–62.2 Percentage calcification volume (n = 76) 37.0 ± 21.8 3.1–82.3 a Missing data for n = 2.
- Table 2:
Comparison (n = 85) of baseline features that develop a new surface disruption at follow-up versus lesions whose surface remains intact
Univariate Regression Independent t Test or Fisher Exact Test OR (95% CI) AUC (95% CI) Present (n = 9) Absent (n = 76) P Value Minimal lumen area (mm2) 3.7 per 5-mm2 decrease (1.6–8.7) 0.87 (0.77–0.97) 8.9 ± 4.5 20.3 ± 10.5 <.001 Percentage wall volume 2.6 per 5% increase (1.5–4.6) 0.85 (0.71–0.98) 62.5 ± 8.9 50.6 ± 7.2 <.001 Percentage LRNC volume 2.6 per 5% increase (1.5–4.4) 0.95 (0.90–1.00) 16.2 ± 11.3 1.6 ± 4.4 .005 Prevalence of LRNC (%)a 0.86 (0.77–0.94) 100 28.9 <.001 Prevalence of IPH (%) 12.3 for presence of IPH (2.7–56.8) 0.73 (0.53–0.94) 55.6 9.2 .55 a OR (95% CI) could not be calculated because 100% of lesions with a new surface disruption had an LRNC at baseline.
Δ/Year Present (n = 9) Absent (n = 76) P Valuea Minimum lumen area (mm2/yr) −0.6 ± 1.1 (0.175)b −0.3 ± 1.4 (0.090)b .6 Percentage wall volume (%/yr) 1.6 ± 2.1 (0.048)b 0.6 ± 1.2 (<0.001)b .20 Percentage LRNC volume (%/yr) 1.7 ± 2.0 (0.035)b 0.1 ± 0.7 (0.098)b .049 Percentage calcification volume (%/yr) 0.2 ± 1.3 (0.69)b 0.2 ± 0.8 (0.030)b .93 a Independent t test.
b 1-Sample t test.
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