Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig 1.
Region-of-interest placement. Transverse b = 0 s/mm2 images of a healthy control (multi-repetition single-shot echo-planar sequence; section thickness of 3 mm with no gap; 25 gradient directions; b = 1000 s/mm2; TR/TE = 15,000/82.1 ms; 1 average; FOV of 240 × 240 mm2; matrix of 128 × 128; voxel size of 1.8 × 1.8 × 3.0 mm3). Circular regions of interest are placed in the CWM (A), the CP and HI (B), the TH (C), the GP (D), and FWM and POWM (E).
- Fig 2.
DTIs of the globus pallidus. Transverse DTIs (multi-repetition single-shot echo-planar sequence; section thickness of 3 mm with no gap; 25 gradient directions; b = 1000 s/mm2; TR/TE = 15,000/82.1 ms; 1 average; FOV of 240 × 240 mm2; matrix of 128 × 128; voxel size of 1.8 × 1.8 × 3.0 mm3). Girl with NF-1 (13 years of age) with a unilateral UBO in the GP. Arrow indicates an area of high intensity on the b = 0 s/mm2 image and high values on the ADC, λ2 (lambda 2), and λ3 (lambda 3) maps.
- Fig 3.
Mean ADC values. The cohort is divided in 3 groups: NF-1 regions with UBOs (UBO), NF-1 regions with normal-appearing brain matter (NAS), and controls. Mean ADC values for UBOs are higher than those for NAS in all regions (except POWM and FWM where no UBOs were found). Mean ADC values for NAS are significantly higher than those of controls in all regions, except CP. For convenience, the results of the HI area are presented in the same figure as the results of the other regions of interest. HI hyperintensities are presented as UBOs and normal-appearing HI areas as NAS. Significant differences between UBO and NAS are indicated by ★ and between NAS and controls by ⧫.
- Fig 4.
FA values. Mean FA values ± SD for UBO, normal-appearing sites (NAS), and controls are plotted for the 7 regions of interest. Few significant differences are found between UBO and NAS, indicated by ★.
- Fig 5.
Am values. Mean Am values ± SD for UBO, normal-appearing sites (NAS), and controls per regions of interest. Significant differences between UBO and NAS are indicated by ★ and between NAS and controls by ⧫.
- Fig 6.
Eigenvalues per region. For UBO, normal-appearing sites (NAS), and controls, mean values for the 3 eigenvalues are plotted for each region. In all regions where UBOs are found, λ1, λ2, and λ3 are higher for UBOs than for NAS and higher for NAS compared with controls. Significant differences between UBO and NAS are indicated by ★ and between NAS and controls by ⧫.
Tables
DTI values per ROI*
ROI Group No. Mean Value ADC × 10−3 mm2/s FA λ1 × 10−3 mm2/s λ2 × 10−3 mm2/s λ3 × 10−3 mm2/s Am POWM NAS 50 0.79 ± 0.05 0.31 ± 0.06 1.09 ± 0.06 0.74 ± 0.06 0.52 ± 0.07 0.20 ± 0.04 Controls 8 0.75 ± 0.02 0.36 ± 0.06 1.06 ± 0.04 0.70 ± 0.05 0.48 ± 0.03 0.19 ± 0.06 FWM NAS 50 0.80 ± 0.04 0.31 ± 0.04 1.04 ± 0.05 0.76 ± 0.04 0.56 ± 0.05 0.16 ± 0.02 Controls 8 0.75 ± 0.03 0.30 ± 0.02 0.98 ± 0.04 0.71 ± 0.04 0.53 ± 0.04 0.16 ± 0.02 GP† UBO 23 0.83 ± 0.07 0.25 ± 0.06 1.02 ± 0.12 0.79 ± 0.07 0.64 ± 0.06 0.13 ± 0.04 NAS 27 0.72 ± 0.04 0.17 ± 0.04 0.83 ± 0.05 0.70 ± 0.04 0.60 ± 0.04 0.09 ± 0.01 Controls 8 0.70 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.02 0.81 ± 0.03 0.68 ± 0.03 0.58 ± 0.03 0.08 ± 0.02 TH UBO 7 0.81 ± 0.04 0.29 ± 0.10 1.04 ± 0.05 0.75 ± 0.06 0.61 ± 0.08 0.15 ± 0.04 NAS 43 0.76 ± 0.03 0.31 ± 0.05 1.02 ± 0.05 0.70 ± 0.04 0.55 ± 0.04 0.17 ± 0.03 Controls 8 0.70 ± 0.02 0.36 ± 0.06 0.98 ± 0.07 0.63 ± 0.03 0.47 ± 0.02 0.21 ± 0.04 HI UBO 23 0.90 ± 0.05 0.20 ± 0.04 1.07 ± 0.51 0.87 ± 0.42 0.72 ± 0.51 0.10 ± 0.03 NAS 25 0.84 ± 0.04 0.21 ± 0.04 1.04 ± 0.07 0.82 ± 0.04 0.66 ± 0.04 0.12 ± 0.03 Controls 8 0.80 ± 0.02 0.21 ± 0.02 0.97 ± 0.02 0.78 ± 0.03 0.63 ± 0.03 0.11 ± 0.02 CWM† UBO 25 0.85 ± 0.14 0.32 ± 0.11 1.11 ± 0.08 0.85 ± 0.35 0.61 ± 0.13 0.20 ± 0.18 NAS 25 0.72 ± 0.06 0.43 ± 0.11 1.05 ± 0.13 0.65 ± 0.07 0.47 ± 0.09 0.23 ± 0.07 Controls 8 0.68 ± 0.02 0.45 ± 0.08 1.00 ± 0.06 0.62 ± 0.05 0.43 ± 0.04 0.23 ± 0.05 CP UBO 16 0.89 ± 0.05 0.44 ± 0.06 1.31 ± 0.09 0.77 ± 0.09 0.54 ± 0.09 0.25 ± 0.04 NAS 33 0.81 ± 0.05 0.47 ± 0.05 1.32 ± 0.11 0.69 ± 0.09 0.47 ± 0.05 0.30 ± 0.05 Controls 8 0.80 ± 0.05 0.51 ± 0.04 1.32 ± 0.12 0.63 ± 0.05 0.43 ± 0.04 0.33 ± 0.03 Note:—ROI indicates region of interest; NAS, normal-appearing sites; POWM, parieto-occipital white matter; FWM, frontal white matter; GP, globus pallidus; TH, thalamus; HI, hippocampus; CWM, cerebellar white matter; CP, cerebral peduncle; UBO, unidentified bright object; ADC, apparent diffusion coefficient; FA, fractional anisotropy; Am, axial anisotropy.
* Values are averaged for left and right hemispheres. For all indices, mean values ± SD are given for regions with UBOs, regions without UBOs (NAS), and healthy controls.
† Nonparametric data.
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