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AJNR Awards, New Junior Editors, and more. Read the latest AJNR updates

Research ArticleBRAIN

High-Resolution Imaging of an Ancient Egyptian Mummified Head: New Insights into the Mummification Process

R. Gupta, Y. Markowitz, L. Berman and P. Chapman
American Journal of Neuroradiology April 2008, 29 (4) 705-713; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A0909
R. Gupta
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Y. Markowitz
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L. Berman
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P. Chapman
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Article Figures & Data

Figures

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  • Fig. 1.
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    Fig. 1.

    Photograph of the mummified head of Djehutynakht.

  • Fig. 2.
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    Fig. 2.

    Multiple 3D surface-rendered views of the mummified skull showing the various surgical defects discussed in this article and detailed in subsequent illustrations.

  • Fig. 3.
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    Fig. 3.

    Posterior, anterior, and oblique views of the wrapping around the head. Notice the posterior occipital scalp defect and the near-normal appearance of the malar region despite extensive mutilations to the facial skeleton.

  • Fig. 4.
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    Fig. 4.

    A slightly transparent view from the top of the cranial vault showing anterior and middle cranial fossa. The defect in the cribriform plate is apparent, and, through it, the contents of the nasal cavity can be partially visualized.

  • Fig. 5.
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    Fig. 5.

    A surface-rendered, inferior view looking up (left) and a superior view looking down (right), showing the defect in the cribriform plate that establishes a communication between the nasal cavity and the intracranial space.

  • Fig. 6.
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    Fig. 6.

    Inferior views looking up (top and bottom left), and a superior view looking down (bottom right) showing the defect in the posterior cranial fossa, illustrated with the help of 2 clip planes. Note the jagged nature of the margins of this defect.

  • Fig. 7.
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    Fig. 7.

    A zoomed in, left superior oblique view showing the weaving pattern of the headband and the wrapping over the forehead and the nose.

  • Fig. 8.
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    Fig. 8.

    Missing right zygoma (left image) and left zygoma complex fracture (arrow in right image). The attenuated bone fragment near the nasal opening in the left image probably represents a tooth fragment. The body of the left zygoma is free floating, because it has been disarticulated from the surrounding bones and pushed into the left maxillary sinus.

  • Fig. 9.
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    Fig. 9.

    Left and right lateral views (top and bottom rows, respectively) showing resected zygomatic arches and the coronoid processes of the mandibles bilaterally. The images on the left are surface rendered to depict the sharp edges of the osteotomies.

  • Fig. 10.
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    Fig. 10.

    A superior view of the cut surface of the coronoid processes (thick arrows). The right styloid process is intact; that on the left has been sharply resected. Also note the socket of the third right molar (small arrow).

  • Fig. 11.
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    Fig. 11.

    Detail of left temporomandibular joint showing the sharp resection margin of the coronoid process, fracture of the articular tubercle of the mandibular fossa, and sharp resection margins of the zygomatic arch.

  • Fig. 12.
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    Fig. 12.

    A slightly oblique view of the dentition.

  • Fig. 13.
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    Fig. 13.

    Middle Kingdom female skull from the Dashur pyramid of Amenemhet III.10

Tables

  • Figures
  • Origin and insertion of the various muscles of mastication*

    LocationDescription
    TemporalisProximal: floor and deep surface of the temporal fossa
    Distal: tip and medial surface of the coronoid process and anterior border of ramus of mandible
    MasseterProximal: inferior border and medial surface of zygomatic arch
    Distal: lateral surface of ramus of mandible and its coronoid process
    Lateral pterygoidProximal superior head: infratemporal surface and infratemporal crest of greater wing of sphenoid bone
    Proximal inferior head: lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate
    Distal: neck of mandible (pterygoid fovea); articular disk and capsule of temporomandibular joint
    Medial pterygoidProximal deep head: medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate and pyramidal process of palatine bone
    Proximal superficial head: tuberosity of maxilla
    Distal: medial surface of ramus of the mandible, inferior to mandibular foramen
    • * The sites that have been resected or altered have been italicized.

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American Journal of Neuroradiology: 29 (4)
American Journal of Neuroradiology
Vol. 29, Issue 4
April 2008
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Cite this article
R. Gupta, Y. Markowitz, L. Berman, P. Chapman
High-Resolution Imaging of an Ancient Egyptian Mummified Head: New Insights into the Mummification Process
American Journal of Neuroradiology Apr 2008, 29 (4) 705-713; DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A0909

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High-Resolution Imaging of an Ancient Egyptian Mummified Head: New Insights into the Mummification Process
R. Gupta, Y. Markowitz, L. Berman, P. Chapman
American Journal of Neuroradiology Apr 2008, 29 (4) 705-713; DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A0909
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  • Variability in Brain Treatment During Mummification of Royal Egyptians Dated to the 18th–20th Dynasties: MDCT Findings Correlated With the Archaeologic Literature
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    American Journal of Roentgenology 2013 200 4
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    Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology 2018 47 4
  • The story of 12 Chachapoyan mummies through multidetector computed tomography
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    European Journal of Radiology 2010 76 2
  • Evidence of diet, deification, and death within ancient Egyptian mummified animals
    Richard Johnston, Richard Thomas, Rhys Jones, Carolyn Graves-Brown, Wendy Goodridge, Laura North
    Scientific Reports 2020 10 1
  • Replication of ancient Egyptian osteotomies of the facial skeleton: insights into the mummification process
    Z.S. Peacock, P.H. Chapman, R. Gupta, L.B. Kaban
    International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 2011 40 11
  • An Ancient Egyptian Mummified Head: A Second Opinion
    M. Sanchez, M. Tismenetsky
    American Journal of Neuroradiology 2009 30 1

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