Combinations of the Presence or Absence of Cerebral Microbleeds and Advanced White Matter Hyperintensity as Predictors of Subsequent Stroke Types

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Previous studies have shown microbleeds to be a risk factor for intracerebral hemorrhage and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) to be a risk factor for ischemic stroke. This study was performed to determine whether combinations of the presence or absence of microbleeds and advanced WMH are risk factors for subsequent recurrent stroke types.

METHODS: In 266 patients with stroke, microbleeds on T2*-weighted MR images were counted, and WMH on T2-weighted images was graded. Patients were divided into 4 groups by the combinations of the presence or absence of microbleeds and advanced WMH and were followed up for stroke recurrence.

RESULTS: During a mean follow-up period of 564.8 ± 220.5 days, 26 patients developed recurrent strokes, including 10 intracerebral hemorrhages and 16 ischemic strokes. Patients with microbleeds without advanced WMH (n = 42) developed only intracerebral hemorrhages (n = 8), and the recurrence rate of intracerebral hemorrhage in those patients estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method was the highest in the 4 groups (14.3% in 1 year and 21.2% in 2 years). In contrast, patients with advanced WMH without microbleeds (n = 39) developed only ischemic strokes (n = 6), and the estimated recurrent rate of ischemic stroke in those patients was the highest in the 4 groups (10.5% in 1 year and 17.4% in 2 years). Cox proportional hazards regression analysis revealed that microbleeds were associated with intracerebral hemorrhage (hazard ratio [HR], 85.626; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.344–1155.649) and that advanced WMH was negatively associated with intracerebral hemorrhage (HR, 0.016; 95% CI, 0.001–0.258). Advanced WMH was associated with ischemic stroke (HR, 10.659; 95% CI, 2.601–43.678).

CONCLUSION: It appears that patients at high risk of subsequent intracerebral hemorrhage or ischemic stroke can be identified by combinations of the presence or absence of microbleeds and advanced WMH.