Prevalence of Leukoencephalopathy in Children Treated for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia with High-Dose Methotrexate

References

1. ↵
   Pui C-H, Relling MV, Downing JR. Mechanisms of disease acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2004;350:1535–1548

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
2. ↵
   Shuper A, Stark B, Kornreich L, Cohen IJ, Avrahami G, Yaniv I. Methotrexate-related neurotoxicity in the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Isr Med Assoc J 2002;4:1050–1053

   PubMedWeb of Science
3. ↵
   McIntosh S, Fischer DB, Rothman SG, Rosenfield N, Lobel JS, O’Brien RT. Intracranial calcifications in childhood leukemia. J Pediatr 1977;91:909–913

   PubMed
4. Peylan-Ramu N, Poplack DG, Pizzo PA, Adornato BT, Di Chiro G. Abnormal CT scans of the brain in asymptomatic children with acute lymphocytic leukemia after prophylactic treatment of the central nervous system with radiation and intrathecal chemotherapy. N Engl J Med 1978;298:815–818

   PubMedWeb of Science
5. ↵
   Ochs JJ, Parvey LS, Whitaker JN, et al. Serial cranial computed-tomography scans in children with leukemia given two different forms of central nervous system therapy. J Clin Oncol 1983;1:793–798

   Abstract
6. Brouwers P, Poplack DG. Memory and learning sequelae in long-term survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia: association with attention deficits. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1990;12:174–181

   PubMedWeb of Science
7. ↵
   Ochs JJ, Mulhern RK, Fairclough D, et al. Comparison of neuropsychologic functioning and clinical indicators of neurotoxicity in long-term survivors of childhood leukemia given cranial radiation or parenteral methotrexate: a prospective study. J Clin Oncol 1991;9:145–151

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
8. ↵
   Paakko E, Vainionpaa L, Lanning M, Laitinen J, Pyhtinen J. White matter changes in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer 1992;70:2728–2733

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
9. Kingma A, Mooyaart EL, Kamps WA, Nieuwenhuizen P, Wilmink JT. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and neuropsychological evaluation in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia at a young age. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1993;15:231–238

   CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
10. ↵
    Paakko E, Vainionpaa L, Pyhtinen J, Lanning M. Minor changes on cranial MRI during treatment in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Neuroradiology 1996;38:264–268

    PubMedWeb of Science
11. Hertzburg H, Huk WJ, Ueberall MA, et al. CNS late effects after ALL therapy in childhood, part 1: neuroradiological findings in long-term survivors of childhood ALL—an evaluation of the interferences between morphology and neuropsychological performance. Med Pediatr Oncol 1997;28:387–400

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
12. Paakko E, Harila-Saari A, Vanionpaa L, Himanen S, Pyhtinen J, Lanning M. White matter changes on MRI during treatment in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: correlation with neuropsychological findings. Med Pediatr Oncol 2000;35:456–461

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
13. Kingma A, van Dommelen RI, Mooyaart EL, Wilmink JT, Deelman BG, Kamps WA. Slight cognitive impairment and magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities but normal school levels in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia with chemotherapy only. J Pediatr 2001;139:413–420

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
14. ↵
    Chu WCW, Chik KW, Chan YL, et al. White matter and cerebral metabolite changes in children undergoing treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia: longitudinal study with MR imaging and 1H MR spectroscopy. Radiology 2003;229:659–669

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
15. ↵
    Wilson DA, Nitschke R, Bowman ME, Chaffin MJ, Sexauer CL, Prince JR. Transient white matter changes on MR images in children undergoing chemotherapy for acute lymphocytic leukemia: correlation with neuropsychologic deficiencies. Radiology 1991;180:205–209

    PubMedWeb of Science
16. ↵
    Asato R, Akiyama Y, Ito M, et al. Nuclear magnetic resonance abnormalities of the cerebral white matter in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and malignant lymphoma during and after central nervous system prophylactic treatment with intrathecal methotrexate. Cancer 1992;70:1997–2004

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
17. Bakke SJ, Fossen A, Storm-Mathiesen I, Lie SO. Long-term cerebral effects of CNS chemotherapy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1993;10:267–270

    CrossRefPubMed
18. ↵
    Mahoney DH Jr, Shuster JJ, Nitschke R, et al. Acute neurotoxicity in children with B-precursor acute lymphoid leukemia: an association with intermediate-dose intravenous methotrexate and intrathecal triple therapy—a pediatric oncology group study. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:1712–1722

    Abstract
19. ↵
    Evans WE, Relling MV, Rodman JH, Crom WR, Boyett JM, Pui CH. Conventional compared with individualized chemotherapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med 1998;338:499–505

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
20. ↵
    Ostuni JL, Levin RL, Frank JA, DeCarli C. Correspondence of closest gradient voxels: a robust registration algorithm. J Magn Reson Imaging 1997;7:410–15

    PubMedWeb of Science
21. ↵
    Reddick WE, Glass JO, Cook EN, Elkin TD, Deaton R. Automated segmentation and classification of multispectral magnetic resonance images of brain using artifical neural networks. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 1997;16:911–918

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
22. ↵
    Reddick WE, Glass JO, Langston JW, Helton KJ. Quantitative MRI assessment of leukoencephalopathy. Magn Reson Med 2002;47:912–920

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
23. ↵
    Glass JO, Reddick WE, Reeves C, Pui CH. Improving the segmentation of therapy-induced leukoencephalopathy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia using a priori information and a gradient magnitude threshold. Magn Reson Med 2004;52:1336–1341

    CrossRefPubMed
24. ↵
    Reddick WE, Glass JO, Pui CH. Differentiating therapy-indeed leukoencephalopathy from unmyelinated white matter in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Presented at the 11th Scientific Meeting, International Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, July,2003