Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIG 1.
PRISMA flow chart.
- FIG 2.
CLAIM evaluation. Each vertical bar shows the adherence for all studies for one of the CLAIM criteria. Within each bar, green represents the percentage of studies appropriately adhering to the CLAIM criteria, gray represents studies for which that question was not applicable, and orange represents studies that did not adhere to that CLAIM criteria. A, Overall adherence for 102 studies. B, Adherence for medically-focused studies (n = 64). C, Adherence for engineering-focused studies (n = 38). NA indicates not applicable.
- FIG 3.
Bias evaluation. Each horizontal bar shows the risk of bias for all studies for one of the PROBAST criteria. Within each bar, green represents the percentage of studies with a low risk of bias and gray represents studies for which there was an unclear risk of bias, and orange represents studies with a high risk of bias for the question. Question 1.1 asks if the data source matched the target population. Question 1.2 asks if the inclusion and exclusion criteria were appropriate. Question 4.1 asks if the test data set was appropriately sized. Question 4.8 asks if the model was tested on an external data set to account for overfitting or optimism in the model. A, Overall adherence per question for all 102 studies. B, Adherence for engineering-focused studies (n = 38). C, Adherence for medically-focused studies (n = 64).
Tables
Number of Studies Average CLAIM Adherence Average PROBAST Score Image-generation direction MR imaging-CT 63 71% 38% MR imaging-PET 13 74% 49% CT-MR imaging 12 63% 41% PET-CT 3 67% 33% PET-MR 2 74% 56% MR imaging-x-ray 1 64% 31% US-MR imaging 1 67% 31% Bidirectional 7 65% 33% Total 102 70% 39% Note:—US indicates ultrasound.
Medically-Focused Engineering-Focused P Value Title/abstract 99% 95% .0652 Introduction 100% 100% 1 Methods 72% 63% <.001 Results 53% 39% .0046 Discussion 73% 59% .0629 Other 90% 85% .2023 Total 73% 65% <.001 Low Unclear High All studies Question 1.1 97 (95%) 2 (2%) 3 (3%) Question 1.2 23 (23%) 79 (77%) 0 (0%) Question 4.1 9 (9%) 10 (10%) 83 (81%) Question 4.8 9 (9%) 0 (0%) 93 (91%) Overall bias 4 (4%) 4 (4%) 94 (92%) Medically-focused adherence Question 1.1 64 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) Question 1.2 18 (28%) 46 (72%) 0 (0%) Question 4.1 7 (11%) 3 (5%) 54 (84%) Question 4.8 8 (13%) 0 (0%) 56 (88%) Overall bias 3 (5%) 4 (6%) 55 (86%) Engineering-focused adherence Question 1.1 33 (87%) 2 (5%) 3 (8%) Question 1.2 5 (13%) 33 (87%) 0 (0%) Question 4.1 2 (5%) 7 (18%) 29 (77%) Question 4.8 1 (3%) 0 (0%) 37 (97%) Overall bias 1 (3%) 0 (0%) 37 (97%)
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