Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIG 1.
ROIs. LIs were calculated on the basis of activation throughout the wide region shown in blue (or any of the other colors), while sensitivity was determined on the basis of activations in frontal (red), temporal (green), and anterior parietal (yellow) language regions.
- FIG 2.
Activation maps for each paradigm. The color map indicates the number of individual patients with activation, with a whole-brain ROI, relative threshold of 5%, and minimum cluster extent of 2 cm3. Activation maps for patients with right-hemisphere dominance were flipped for these maps. A, Adaptive semantic. B, Adaptive phonological. C, Sentence completion. D, Word generation.
- FIG 3.
Lateralization indices by paradigm. Violin plots show the distribution of patients. Red dots indicate patients with right-hemisphere language, and blue dots indicate patients with bilateral language lateralization. Teal dotted lines show cutoffs for lateralization categories.
- FIG 4.
Sensitivity for identifying language regions in the dominant hemisphere. Violin plots show the extent of activation in each region for each paradigm. Red dots indicate patients with right-hemisphere language, and blue dots indicate patients with bilateral language lateralization. Horizontal lines show means. Teal dotted lines show cutoffs for assessment of sensitivity. A, Inferior frontal language region. B, Posterior temporal language region. C, Anterior parietal language region.
Tables
Age (mean) (range) (yr) 38.6 (SD, 12.6) (20–70) Sex 32 Male; 41 female Handednessa 57 Right-handed; 6 left-handed; 10 mixed (of whom 6 write with right and 4 write with left); mean laterality quotient: 68.8 (SD, 59.4) Education (mean) (range) (yr) 13.7 (SD, 2.5) (range, 8–19) Race 58 White; 10 black; 1 Asian; 4 did not state Native speaker 71 Native; 2 fluent but non-native Etiology Epilepsy 55 Tumor 16 Arteriovenous malformation 1 Cavernous malformation 1 Duration of etiology (mean) (range) 3170 (SD, 3722) days (range, 6 days to 39 yr) Language deficit 42 (58%) Yes; 31 (42%) no ↵a Handedness was assessed with the 4-item modification of the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory by Veale.29
Paradigm Proportion Percentage Adaptive semantic 71 of 73 97% Adaptive phonological 49 of 73 67% Sentence completion 63 of 73 86% Word generation 37 of 73 51%
