Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIG 1.
Ex vivo brain model flow setup and cerebral angiography. The bilateral ICAs and VAs of a fresh human cadaver brain were cannulated with sheaths to deliver saline solution and contrast (blue arrows) and catheters (A). The sheaths were connected to a pump system and connected in parallel to an escape system, including a reservoir of saline hung at a height that mimics the back pressure, equivalent to the peripheral arterial resistance, that releases the cerebral pressure when an occlusion is created (B). DSA of the right ICA in the late arterial phase in a pure ventrocaudal projection shows good opacification of the right MCA candelabra, right anterior cerebral artery (ACA), with cross-filling into the left ACA through a patent anterior communicating artery (C). Occlusion of the proximal right MCA (asterisk) enhances the visualization of robust leptomeningeal collaterals (arrows) from the ACA into cortical MCA branches (D). MCA indicates middle cerebral artery.
- FIG 2.
Concurrent direct transmural observation and DSA of the brain model pre- and post-LVO. Baseline transmural and angiographic visualization of the anterior circulation model (A and B) includes ICA, MCA, anterior cerebral artery (ACA), lenticulostriate arteries (green triangle), and leptomeningeal cortical collaterals (yellow triangles). The posterior circulation model (C and D) includes the vertebral arteries, the basilar artery with bifurcation into the posterior cerebral arteries, the thalamoperforating arteries (green triangle), and the pontine arteries (yellow triangles). Embolization of a radiopaque clot analog (asterisks, E–H) generally results in MCA bifurcation occlusion involving the lenticulostriate vessels (E and F) and occasionally results in concurrent distal MCA branch occlusion (triangle in F) and occlusion of the basilar artery apex (G and H).
- FIG 3.
Concurrent transmural and angiographic visualization of a direct-aspiration thrombectomy for an embolic occlusion at the basilar apex. The aspiration catheter was navigated to the clot face, and the clot with an initial length of L0 was corked by vacuum at the catheter tip (asterisk) (A). Device pullout elongated the clot to a length of L1 and disengaged the clot from the basilar apex (B). As the clot was pulled from the basilar artery into the right VA, it further elongated (L2) and was stripped away from the catheter tip (asterisk in C).
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