Abstract
SUMMARY: Safe and effective percutaneous CT-guided radiofrequency ablation of spinal osteoid osteomas can be performed using a targeted navigational bipolar electrode system. Articulating bipolar electrodes with built-in thermocouples along an electrode shaft and variable generator wattage settings allow optimal nidus access, particularly in challenging locations; provide precise real-time monitoring of ablation zone volume and geometry; and minimize the risk of undesired thermal injury.
ABBREVIATION:
- RF
- radiofrequency
During the past decade, investigators have successfully used percutaneous radiofrequency (RF) ablation for definitive treatment of spinal osteoid osteomas using traditional unipolar straight electrodes with variable ablation times ranging from 4 to 30 minutes after reaching a desired plateau temperature (typically 90°C).1⇓⇓–4
A recently introduced navigational bipolar RF ablation system has been successfully used for treatment of spinal metastases,5 which has several important advantages over traditional straight unipolar RF electrodes for the management of spinal lesions, particularly given the proximity of neural structures and the potential risk of undesired thermal injury. Most importantly, 2 built-in active thermocouples along the electrode shaft provide precise real-time monitoring of ablation zone volume and geometry and ensure that the entire nidus is safely ablated. Additionally, the articulating distal segment (tip) of the electrode can be curved in several directions, allowing optimal electrode positioning in different portions of the nidus from a single osseous entry site, particularly in larger lesions that would otherwise require more than one access points, and this feature is also advantageous for challenging-to-access lesions. Last, the bipolar electrode design eliminates the risk of thermal skin injury and obviates grounding pad placement.
In this report, we describe the initial experience using a targeted multidirectional bipolar RF ablation electrode system for the treatment of spinal osteoid osteomas.
Materials and Methods
Institutional review board approval was obtained to retrospectively review the institutional data base for patients who underwent RF ablation for the treatment of spinal osteoid osteomas between May 2015 and April 2018. Clinical manifestations included focal pain, particularly at night, which improved with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications; painful scoliosis; and spinal stiffness. Imaging characteristics were best evaluated on CT and included an osteolytic nidus with surrounding osseous sclerosis. Informed consent was waived for retrospective participation. Recorded data included patient age, sex, treated anatomic site, and histologic diagnosis. Preprocedural imaging was reviewed to determine the nidus size and the shortest distance of the nidus from the central canal or neuroforamen. Procedural notes were reviewed to determine the total ablation time, generator wattage settings, use of electrode distal segment articulation, and the type of thermal protection. A procedure was considered technically successful if ablations encompassing the entire nidus volume were performed. Procedural complications were documented according to the Society of Interventional Radiology classification,6 based on patients' symptoms and physical examinations. Patients were clinically evaluated 2 hours after each procedure for potential acute complications such as hematoma formation or neurologic injury. Patients were discharged the day of procedure. Telephone follow-up was documented by a musculoskeletal nurse coordinator at 1- and 6-week postprocedure time points. Duration of clinical follow-up was recorded, and electronic medical records were reviewed for potential delayed complications, such as infection and persistent/recurrent pain.
Radiofrequency Ablation Equipment and Procedure
Procedures were performed under general anesthesia in pediatric patients and under conscious sedation in 1 adult patient under CT guidance after written informed consent was obtained.
The nidus was accessed using a 10-ga introducer needle. Nidus biopsy and channel creation for the electrode were then performed coaxially with a battery-powered hand drill and a 12-ga hollow biopsy needle (OnControl; Vidacare, Shavano Park, Texas). RF ablation was performed using the STAR Tumor Ablation System (Merit Medical Systems, South Jordan, Utah), consisting of the Spine STAR Ablation device and the MetaSTAR Generator. The ablation device is an articulating navigational bipolar RF electrode (The 5/10 STAR electrode), which contains 2 active thermocouples positioned 5 and 10 mm from the center of the ablation zone (Fig 1). Based on the manufacturer's thermal distribution curves, the dimensions of the ellipsoid ablation volume are 15 × 7 × 7 mm when the thermocouple located 5 mm from center of the ablation zone (distal thermocouple) reaches 50°C, and 20 × 15 × 15 mm when the thermocouple located 10 mm from center of ablation zone (proximal thermocouple) reaches 50°C. As a safety feature, RF energy automatically stops when the proximal thermocouple registers 50°C. There are laser etchings along the device that demarcate the exiting point of the electrode from the noninsulated working cannula to reduce the risk of ablating along the introducer tract (Fig 1). The MetaSTAR Generator provides 3-W, 5-W, 7.5-W, and 10-W power settings, which allow slow ablations. The generator also displays ablation time, impedance, and the 2 thermocouple temperature readings, which permit precise real-time monitoring of the ablation zone dimensions and geometry.
Navigational bipolar radiofrequency ablation electrode. The targeted multidirectional distal tip of the electrode (large arrow) can be articulated up to 90° by turning the gray knob (small arrow) on the handle in the direction of the printed white arrow on the handle. Laser etchings (arrowheads) along the device shaft mark the exit point and deployment point of the electrode from the introducer cannula. After desired positioning within the nidus, the RF electrode tip is fully extended by turning the white knob (dotted arrow) at the handle. There are 2 active thermocouples embedded within the electrode located 5 and 10 mm from the center of ablation zone, which allow precise real-time monitoring of ablation zone volume and geometry.
The navigational bipolar RF ablation electrode was subsequently positioned in the nidus center and articulated in different orientations, if needed, to ensure that the entire nidus was ablated (Figs 1 and 2).
An 18-year-old woman with lumbar spine hypomobility and low back pain. This case highlights the advantages of articulating the distal electrode tip for challenging-to-access nidus location as well as real-time monitoring of ablation zone volume, considering the proximity to neural elements. Sagittal unenhanced CT (A) and sagittal T1-weighted fat-saturated gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging (B) show a partly mineralized nidus in the posterior L2 vertebral body abutting the posterior wall cortex and resulting in cortical thinning and slight convexity toward the central canal. Note surrounding reactive medullary sclerosis and reactive osteitis (A and B, small arrows) as well as partial obliteration of the anterior epidural space (B, large arrow). Prone maximum-intensity-projection axial CT (C) and sagittal CT (D) during radiofrequency ablation show articulation of the distal tip of the navigational RF electrode placed via a lateral transpedicular approach for optimal access to the nidus in the central posterior vertebral body, which would be challenging to reach with traditional straight RF electrodes. Note the epidural injection of carbon dioxide and 5% dextrose in water (diluted in iodinated contrast) for active thermal protection (C and D, arrows). An 18-ga spinal needle is placed in the neuroforamen (C) for passive thermal protection (temperature monitoring). Somatosensory and motor-evoked potential monitoring was performed during the procedure.
Active and passive neural thermal protection techniques (Fig 2) were implemented and included an epidural or neuroforaminal injection of carbon dioxide and/or cooled 5% dextrose in water, achieved by placement of an 18-ga spinal needle in the epidural space or in the neuroforamen and coaxial placement of a thermocouple to measure temperatures.7 Intraprocedural somatosensory and motor-evoked potential monitoring was performed when procedures were performed with the patient under general anesthesia for early detection of potentially impending thermal nerve/spinal cord injury.7 Additionally, an immediate postablation prophylactic ipsilateral nerve root block was performed when the nidus abutted the neuroforamen with no intact cortex. This was achieved by neuroforaminal injection of 10 mg of dexamethasone to improve postablation inflammation.
Results
Seven spinal osteoid osteomas were RF-ablated using the targeted multidirectional bipolar electrode system. All ablations were technically successful with no complications. All tumors were accessed via a single osseous channel. Biopsy was performed in 5 patients, and all were diagnostic of osteoid osteoma. No biopsy specimen was obtained in patient 3, and the nidus was not accessible using a transpedicular approach with a straight biopsy needle in patient 6 due to the central location in the posterior vertebral body. All patients had complete pain resolution following the procedures. Patient 4 developed slight intermittent pain 4 months following the procedure, which remained unchanged at the 19-month follow-up. Details of the patient cohort are summarized in the Table.
Patient, tumor, and RF ablation characteristics
Discussion
This initial report demonstrates that unique features of the targeted navigational bipolar STAR Tumor Ablation System successfully used to treat spinal metastases and primarily appendicular osteoid osteomas5,8⇓⇓–11can also be used for safe and effective treatment of spinal osteoid osteomas. Radiofrequency ablation of spinal osteoid osteomas poses a unique challenge due to the proximity of neural structures, particularly considering the location of most lesions within the posterior spinal elements. Preserved spinal cortical bone, flow of CSF, and the epidural space have been described as protective factors against undesired RF energy propagation.12 Our experience highlights the importance of precise real-time monitoring of ablation zone volume and geometry made possible by 2 active embedded thermocouples along the electrode, a feature that is a recent development in RF ablation electrode design technology. This allows the operator to ensure that sufficiently high temperature is generated over a volume that encompasses the entire nidus while minimizing the risk of undesired thermal injury, and it is vital when ablating close to the spinal cord or nerve roots.
CSF and vessels may result in convective cooling (heat-sink effect) that hinders RF energy deposition within the nidus. In our experience, variable power settings provided by the MetaSTAR Generator permit slow ramping of temperatures. We believe this results in reduction of heat sink and improvement of efficacy while minimizing undesired heat dispersion and impedance issues, particularly in densely mineralized lesions. The 3 cases in this series in which the osteoid osteoma nidus was <1 mm from the closest neural element or with no intact interposing cortex demonstrate that these lesions can be safely ablated with appropriate neural protection and careful monitoring of ablation zone dimensions (Fig 2). We recommend that both passive and active neural thermal protective measures be implemented for radiofrequency ablation of spinal osteoid osteomas, particularly with lesions closer than 5 mm to the spinal cord or nerve roots.
Because the entire nidus must be ablated to ensure a definitive cure and a nidus of >12 mm has been described as an independent risk factor for recurrence, a larger nidus may require placement of more than one straight RF electrode to achieve sufficient overlapping ablation volume through separate osseous access sites, further compromising bone integrity and predisposing to potential fracture. The articulating distal segment of the navigational system affords electrode placement within any desired location within the nidus from a single bone-entry site, a characteristic that is particularly useful in larger lesions. This feature also facilitates access to difficult-to-reach nidus locations, particularly in the cervical spine and adjacent to the vertebral body posterior wall (Fig 2), where they would otherwise be challenging to access using traditional straight RF electrodes.
In addition, the risk of skin thermal injury inherent in unipolar electrodes due to inadequate dispersion of RF energy on the skin surface at the region of grounding pads is eliminated using a bipolar RF electrode design.
Conclusions
Safe and effective CT-guided radiofrequency ablation of spinal osteoid osteomas can be achieved using a targeted navigational bipolar electrode system.
Footnotes
Disclosures: Jack W. Jennings—RELATED: Consulting Fee or Honorarium: Merit Medical Systems, Comments: ablation training courses and consultation; UNRELATED: Consultancy: Bard Peripheral Vascular; Expert Testimony: Bard Peripheral Vascular.
References
- Received June 15, 2018.
- Accepted after revision July 24, 2018.
- © 2018 by American Journal of Neuroradiology
Jump to section
Related Articles
Cited By...
- No citing articles found.