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AJNR Awards, New Junior Editors, and more. Read the latest AJNR updates

Case of the Month

Section Editor: Nicholas Stence, MD
Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO

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May 2019
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Hypertrophic pachymeningitis and Aortitis in a Patient With Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody Associated Vasculitis

  • Background
    • ​Cranial and spinal hypertrophic pachymeningitis (HP) is characterized by inflammation of the dura mater, that can be idiopathic or secondary to a systemic disease.
    • HP associated with ANCA-vasculitis is extremely rare, with very few cases reported. The finding of aortitis (large vessel affection) is even more rare, but it has been described.
    • A nationwide survey in Japan revealed that ANCA-related HP is the most frequent  presentation of ANCA-vasculitis, although clinical features in Japanese patients usually contrast markedly with those in patients from European countries and the United States.
  • Clinical Presentation
    • ​HP presents as a chronic progressive disease.
    • Practically all patients present with headache as the main complaint, and additional symptoms such as visuo-spatial deficits, cranial nerve palsies, cerebellar ataxia, seizures, and increased intracranial pressure with papilledema; and/or manifestations of radiculopathy and/or myelopathy attributable to the compression of neural structures or vascular compromise.
    • In the cases of associated vasculitis, other typical symptoms and signs are present, such as cutaneous purpura in our case.
  • Key Diagnostic Features
    • ​HP: Smooth or nodular dural thickening that is isointense or hypointense on both T1- and T2-weighted sequences (due to the fibrosis and necrosis of the dura mater), that in the spine usually extends over multiple levels and shows avid contrast enhancement.
    • Aortitis: an enhancing mantle of soft tissue with or without aortic dilatation.
  • Differential Diagnosis
    • ​Intracranial hypotension: Spontaneous or after spinal fluid drainage
      Infection: Lyme disease, Syphilis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Fungal infection, etc.
      Systemic autoimmune diseases: Rheumatoid arthritis, Sarcoidosis, Sjögren syndrome.
      Malignancy: Dural carcinomatosis, metastatic disease
  • Treatment
    • ​High dose of steroids and/or other immunosupressant drugs like cyclophosphamide, and alternative agents: methotrexate or azathioprine. Spinal decompression surgery in cases with cord edema and myelopathy symptoms.

Suggested Reading

  1. Kaga H, Komatsuda A, Saito M, et al. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis complicated by periaortitis and cranial hypertrophic pachymeningitis: A report of an autopsy case. Intern Med 2018; 57:107-13. 
  2. Yokoseki A, Saji E, Arakawa M, et al. Hypertrophic pachymeningitis: significance of myeloperoxidase anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody. Brain 2014;137(Pt 2):520-36

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American Journal of Neuroradiology: 46 (6)
American Journal of Neuroradiology
Vol. 46, Issue 6
1 Jun 2025
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