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AJNR Awards, New Junior Editors, and more. Read the latest AJNR updates

Research ArticleNeuroimaging Physics/Functional Neuroimaging/CT and MRI Technology
Open Access

A Comprehensive and Broad Approach to Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Adult Patients with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Soroush Arabshahi, Sohae Chung, Alaleh Alivar, Prin X. Amorapanth, Steven R. Flanagan, Farng-Yang A. Foo, Andrew F. Laine and Yvonne W. Lui
American Journal of Neuroradiology May 2024, 45 (5) 637-646; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A8193
Soroush Arabshahi
aFrom Biomedical Engineering Department (S.A., A.F.L.), Columbia University, New York, New York
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  • ORCID record for Soroush Arabshahi
Sohae Chung
bDepartments of Radiology (S.C., A.A., Y.W.L.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
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Alaleh Alivar
bDepartments of Radiology (S.C., A.A., Y.W.L.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
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  • ORCID record for Alaleh Alivar
Prin X. Amorapanth
cRehabilitation Medicine (P.X.A., S.R.F.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York.
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  • ORCID record for Prin X. Amorapanth
Steven R. Flanagan
cRehabilitation Medicine (P.X.A., S.R.F.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York.
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Farng-Yang A. Foo
dDepartment of Neurology (F.-Y.A.F.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
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Andrew F. Laine
aFrom Biomedical Engineering Department (S.A., A.F.L.), Columbia University, New York, New York
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Yvonne W. Lui
bDepartments of Radiology (S.C., A.A., Y.W.L.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
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  • FIG 1.
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    FIG 1.

    ROI-based analysis results using the CONN toolbox standard functional parcellation. A and B, The connectivity matrix for control and mTBI groups. The color for each pair of ROIs reflects statistically significant connectivity after FDR correction (Embedded Image measured by the average Fisher z-transformation of the Pearson correlation coefficient. C, Matrix of significant connections, comparing A and B: Red indicates a significant connection unique to the mTBI group; blue indicates significant connections unique to the control group; and green indicates significance in both mTBI and control groups. D, Matrix of the mean difference (mTBI versus controls) for the connections that satisfy Embedded Image using the Welch t test when comparing mTBI with controls. Highlighted connections involve all networks and nearly all ROIs, and the magnitude of differences is small. E, After multiple comparison correction (FDR) to account for the number of connections examined, no difference remains significant. Note that diagonal values (self-connection) are set to zero. A full list of ROIs is provided in the Online Supplemental Data. Results from other parcellation methods yield analogous results, whose matrices are presented in the Online Supplemental Data. L indicates left; R, right; SMG, Supramarginal gyrus; RPFC, Rostral prefrontal cortex; pSTG, Posterior superior temporal gyrus; MPFC, Medial prefrontal cortex; IFG, Inferior frontal gyrus; LP, Lateral parietal; PPC, Posterior cingulate cortex; LPFC, Lateral prefrontal cortex; FEF, Frontal eye fields; IPS, Intraparietal sulcus.

  • FIG 2.
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    FIG 2.

    ROI-to-voxel results showing voxels with Embedded Image based on any effect F-test statistics. All 32 ROIs from the standard functional parcellation of CONN are included here to highlight possible areas of connectivity difference between mTBI and control groups. The highlighted voxels are seen to be scattered across the brain, and no cluster survives after FDR and TFCE correction.

  • FIG 3.
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    FIG 3.

    Similar to ROI-to-voxel analysis, this figure illustrates voxels with Embedded Image according to any effect F-test on all 20 spatial-GICs. As in the analysis in Fig 2, no regions survive FDR and TFCE.

  • FIG 4.
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    FIG 4.

    Temporal-GICs analysis results. A and B, The connectivity matrix for control and mTBI groups. The color for each pair of temporal-GICs reflects statistically significant connectivity after FDR correction (Embedded Image measured by average Fisher z-transformation of the Pearson correlation coefficient. C, Matrix of significant connections, comparing A and B: Red indicates significant connections unique to the mTBI group; blue indicates significant connections unique to the control group; and green indicates significance in both the mTBI and control groups. D, Matrix of mean difference (mTBI and controls) for the temporal-GICs connections that satisfy Embedded Image using the Welch t test comparing those with mTBI with controls. Highlighted connections involve temporal-GICs of 6 IFCNs, excepting sensorimotor, frontoparietal, and dorsal attention; however, the magnitude of differences is small. E, After multiple comparison correction (FDR) to account for the number of connections examined, no difference remains significant. IC indicates independent component.

  • FIG 5.
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    FIG 5.

    Voxelwise t test on fALFF measures comparing mTBI with healthy control groups with Embedded Image . Because fALFF is a voxelwise scalar measure, any effect F-test was not used, and the contrast shows t-values. No clusters survive FDR and TFCE correction.

Tables

  • Figures
  • Demographics and injury characteristics of studied participants

    VariablesmTBIControlStatistics
    Initial recruitment (No.)8253NA
    Excluded (No.)
     Incomplete session50NA
     Image quality issues52NA
    Final inclusion (No.)7251NA
    Age (range) (mean) (yr)18–65 (30 [SD, 11.66])19–65 (31 [SD, 12.09])t = −0.82, P = .41
    Sex, M/F25:4721:30Embedded Image = 0.017, P = .89
    Education (range) (mean) (yr)11–20 (16.08 [SD, 1.67])12–20 (16.46 [SD, 1.81])t = −1.10, P = .27
    Hand preference, right (No.) ( %)44 (86.27%)51 (70.33%)Embedded Image = 0.017, P = .89
    Cause of injury (No.) ( %)
     Fall21 (29.16%)NANA
     Hit by object27 (37.5%)NANA
     Motor-vehicle accident9 (12.5%)NANA
     Assault4 (5.56%)NANA
     Sport-related4 (5.56%)NANA
     Other7 (9.72%)NANA
    Time since injury (range) (mean) (day)3–31 (18 [SD, 7.7])NANA
    SCAT3
     No. of symptoms (range) (mean)0–22 (14.25 [SD, 6.30])NANA
     Symptom severity score (range) (mean)0–103 (43.53 [SD, 29.98])NANA
    • Note:—NA indicates not applicable.

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American Journal of Neuroradiology: 45 (5)
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1 May 2024
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Cite this article
Soroush Arabshahi, Sohae Chung, Alaleh Alivar, Prin X. Amorapanth, Steven R. Flanagan, Farng-Yang A. Foo, Andrew F. Laine, Yvonne W. Lui
A Comprehensive and Broad Approach to Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Adult Patients with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
American Journal of Neuroradiology May 2024, 45 (5) 637-646; DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A8193

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Resting-State Connectivity in Mild TBI
Soroush Arabshahi, Sohae Chung, Alaleh Alivar, Prin X. Amorapanth, Steven R. Flanagan, Farng-Yang A. Foo, Andrew F. Laine, Yvonne W. Lui
American Journal of Neuroradiology May 2024, 45 (5) 637-646; DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A8193
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