Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig 1.
A case of refractory epilepsy with daily seizures of 21 years' duration with moderate mental retardation. Brain MR imaging 3D-T1 volume fast-field echo sequences of axial (A), coronal (D), and coronal (E) 3D-FLAIR volume show a right middle frontal gyrus cortical laminar architectural abnormality with cortical thickening (arrow). The MR imaging abnormality was detected retrospectively after the FDG-PET (B and C) and MR imaging/FDG-PET coregistration (F) showed the focal hypermetabolic focus. The ictal SPECT (G and H) findings were inconclusive.
- Fig 2.
Comparison of sensitivities of various modalities for seizure freedom (A), type I FCD (B), and type II FCD (C).
Tables
Variable Seizure-Free (n = 124) Persistent (n = 64) P Value Age at surgery (mean) (yr) 18.68 ± 11.43 14.66 ± 10.50 .020 Age of onset (mean) (yr) 8.45 ± 8.18 6.91 ± 6.09 .198 Duration of epilepsy (mean) (%) 10.72 ± 7.31 7.90 ± 6.56 .012 Women (%) 56 (45.2%) 36 (56.3%) .168 Febrile convulsions (%) 15 (12.1%) 8 (12.7%) 1.000 Multiple types of seizures (%) 21 (16.9%) 31 (48.4%) <.001 Delayed development (%) 23 (18.5%) 24 (37.5%) .007 Daily seizures (%) 63 (50.8%) 43 (67.2%) .043 Presence of aura (%) 35 (28.2%) 8 (12.5%) .017 Regional spikes on interictal EEG (%) 66 (54.1%) 27 (42.2%) .168 Regional ictal EEG onset pattern (%) 62 (50.0%) 26 (46.2%) .280 Clear-cut FCD on MRI (%) 94 (75.8%) 42 (65.6%) .169 Focal FDG-PET pattern (%) 97 (78.2%) 47 (73.4%) .472 Focal ictal SPECT pattern (%) 51 (71.8%) 26 (66.7%) .664 Eloquent cortex location (%) 16 (12.9%) 20 (31.3%) .003 FCD type I (%) 57 (47.5%) 45 (73.8%) .001 FCD type II (%) 63 (52.5%) 16 (26.2%) .001 FCD type I and II (%) 4 (3.2%) 3 (4.6%) .691 Acute postoperative seizures (%) 32 (25.8%) 32 (50.0%) .001 Complete resection (%) 105 (96.3%) 28 (54.9%) <.001 Variable FCD Type I (n = 102) FCD Type II (n = 79) P Value Age at surgery (mean) (yr) 16.54 ± 10.76 18.11 ± 11.05 .338 Age of onset (mean) (yr) 8.29 ± 7.88 7.76 ± 7.31 .655 Duration of epilepsy (mean) (%) 9.08 ± 6.91 10.82 ± 7.60 .117 Women (%) 50 (49.0%) 40 (50.6%) .881 Multilobar distribution of FCD (%) 21 (20.6%) 3 (3.8%) <.001 Febrile convulsions (%) 12 (11.9%) 9 (11.4%) 1.000 Multiple types of seizures (%) 31 (30.4%) 19 (24.1%) .403 Delayed development (%) 32 (31.4%) 13 (16.5%) .025 Daily seizures (%) 57 (55.9%) 48 (60.8%) .546 Aura (%) 18 (17.6%) 23 (29.1%) .076 Regional ictal EEG onset pattern (%) 40 (39.2%) 45 (58.4%) .024 Clear-cut FCD on MRI (%) 62 (60.8%) 67 (84.8%) <.001 Focal FDG-PET pattern (%) 77 ( (75.5%) 63 (79.7%) .592 Focal ictal SPECT pattern (%) 48 (70.6%) 29 (72.5%) 1.000 Eloquent cortex location (%) 21 (20.6%) 15 (19.0%) .852 Seizure-free (%) 57 (55.8%) 63 (79.7%) .008 Acute postoperative seizures (%) 38 (37.3%) 24 (30.4%) .348 Complete resection (%) 63 (77.8%) 65 (90.3%) .048
