MR Imaging–Detectable Metabolic Alterations in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: From Preclinical to Clinical Studies

L. Altabella; F. Zoratto; W. Adriani; R. Canese

doi:10.3174/ajnr.A3843

Article Figures & Data

Tables

Summary of the most recent MRS studies on ADHD^{^a}

Study	Subjects		Method	Region	Findings
Study	No. of ADHD (age, yr)	No. of Controls (age, yr)	Method	Region	Findings
Children
Perlov et al, 2009³⁰	–	–	Meta-analysis	Left STR,	↑Cho
Perlov et al, 2009³⁰	–	–	Meta-analysis	Right frontal lobe	↑Cho
Hammerness et al, 2012³¹	12	12	PRESS at 4T, TR/TE = 2000/30 ms	ACC	↑Glu/mIns; Gln/mIns; Glx/mIns (trend)
Arcos-Burgos et al, 2012³²	14 (8–54)	20 (8–54)	2D and 3D CSI at 1.5T, TR/TE = 1500/30 ms	Right PCC	↑Glx/tCr
Arcos-Burgos et al, 2012³²	14 (8–54)	20 (8–54)	2D and 3D CSI at 1.5T, TR/TE = 1500/30 ms	STR; splenium; medial and lateral Thal; vermis (cerebellum)	Interaction of mIns/tCr, NAA/tCr, Glx/tCr with age and ADHD status
Tafazoli et al, 2013³⁴	13 (12.3)	13 (12.2)	CSI at 1.5T, TR/TE = 1500/30 ms	Right DLPFC	↓NAA; tCr; Cho; mIns
Tafazoli et al, 2013³⁴	13 (12.3)	13 (12.2)	CSI at 1.5T, TR/TE = 1500/30 ms	Left DLPFC	–
Soliva et al, 2010³⁵	17 (10.4)	17 (10.8)	PRESS at 1.5T, TR/TE = 2000/30 ms	Right frontal cortex	↓tCr
Soliva et al, 2010³⁵	17 (10.4)	17 (10.8)	PRESS at 1.5T, TR/TE = 2000/30 ms	Left cerebellum	↓NAA; mIns; tCr
Carrey et al, 2007³⁸	13 (6–11)	10 (6–11)	PRESS at 1.5T, TR/TE = 2000/30 ms	Left striatum	↑Glu; Gln; Glx; tCr
Carrey et al, 2007³⁸	13 (6–11)	10 (6–11)	PRESS at 1.5T, TR/TE = 2000/30 ms	Right PFC; left occipital lobe	–
Yang et al, 2010³⁹	37 (13.9)	22 (14.8)	PRESS at 1.5T, TR/TE = 1600/35 ms	Right PFC	↓tCr
Yang et al, 2010³⁹	37 (13.9)	22 (14.8)	PRESS at 1.5T, TR/TE = 1600/35 ms	Left PFC	–
Stanley et al, 2008⁴²	31 (8.1)	36 (8.1)	Multivoxel ³¹P-MRS at 1.5T	Bilateral basal ganglia	↓Membrane phospholipid precursor,
Stanley et al, 2008⁴²	31 (8.1)	36 (8.1)	Multivoxel ³¹P-MRS at 1.5T	Inferior parietal region	↑membrane phospholipid precursor
Edden et al, 2012⁴¹	13 (10.2)	19 (10.6)	MEGA-PRESS at 3T, TR/TE = 1800/68 ms	Primary motor cortex	↓GABA
Adults
Perlov et al, 2009³⁰	–	–	Meta-analysis	Bilateral ACC	↑Cho
Perlov et al, 2007⁴⁵	28 (32.4)	28 (30.5)	CSI at 1.5T, TR/TE = 1500/30 ms	Right ACC	↓Glx/tCr
Colla et al, 2008⁴⁴	15 (36.1)	10 (33.2)	2D CSI at 1.5T, TR/TE = 1500/135 ms	Bilateral ACC	↑Cho/tCr
Dramsdahl et al, 2011⁴⁶	29 (32.9)	38 (29.8)	PRESS at 3T, TR/TE = 1500/35 ms	Left midfrontal region	↓Glx/tCr
Kronenberg et al, 2008⁴⁷	7 MPH (32.6)	7 no MPH (32.6)	2D CSI at 1.5T, TR/TE = 1500/135 ms	Left midfrontal region	↑NAA; ↓Cho after MPH
Perlov et al, 2010⁴⁸	30 (32.1)	30 (29.9)	CSI at 1.5T, TR/TE = 1500/30 ms	Left cerebellum	↑Glx/tCr
Perlov et al, 2010⁴⁸	30 (32.1)	30 (29.9)	CSI at 1.5T, TR/TE = 1500/30 ms	Right cerebellum; vermis	–

Note:—STR indicates striatum; PCC, posterior cingulate cortex; MPH, methylphenidate; Thal, thalamus; Gln, glutamine; Glu, glutamate; CSI, chemical shift imaging; DLPFC, dorsolateral PFC; ↓, decreased level; ↑, increased level.
↵a For each study, we provide the number of subjects involved, age mean or range in years, the MRS technique, and the findings in each region.