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Improved Turnaround Times | Median time to first decision: 12 days

Research ArticleFunctional
Open Access

Sex Differences in Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Multiple Sclerosis

K.A. Koenig, M.J. Lowe, J. Lin, K.E. Sakaie, L. Stone, R.A. Bermel, E.B. Beall, S.M. Rao, B.D. Trapp and M.D. Phillips
American Journal of Neuroradiology December 2013, 34 (12) 2304-2311; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A3630
K.A. Koenig
aFrom the Imaging Institute (K.A.K., M.J.L., J.L., K.E.S., E.B.B., M.D.P.)
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M.J. Lowe
aFrom the Imaging Institute (K.A.K., M.J.L., J.L., K.E.S., E.B.B., M.D.P.)
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J. Lin
aFrom the Imaging Institute (K.A.K., M.J.L., J.L., K.E.S., E.B.B., M.D.P.)
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K.E. Sakaie
aFrom the Imaging Institute (K.A.K., M.J.L., J.L., K.E.S., E.B.B., M.D.P.)
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L. Stone
bNeurological Institute (L.S., R.A.B.)
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R.A. Bermel
bNeurological Institute (L.S., R.A.B.)
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E.B. Beall
aFrom the Imaging Institute (K.A.K., M.J.L., J.L., K.E.S., E.B.B., M.D.P.)
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S.M. Rao
cSchey Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Neurological Institute (S.M.R.)
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B.D. Trapp
dDepartment of Neurosciences (B.D.T.), The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
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M.D. Phillips
aFrom the Imaging Institute (K.A.K., M.J.L., J.L., K.E.S., E.B.B., M.D.P.)
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    Fig 1.

    Representative single-participant PCC functional connectivity map, thresholded at P = .005, cluster size = 36, for an effective voxelwise P of 1 × 10−7.

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    Fig 2.

    Nine-voxel in-plane ROIs centered at the voxel of highest significance for each region showing significant group differences in a 2-way ANOVA (P = 1 × 10−5).

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    Fig 3.

    Mean functional connectivity to the PCC for regions that showed a sex-disease status.

Tables

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    Table 1:

    Demographic information

    CharacteristicFemale Control Subjects (n = 16)Female Patients (n = 16)Male Control Subjects (n = 16a)Male Patients (n = 16)
    Mean age, y (SD)42.25 (9.4)42.38 (9.5)41.81 (9.6)40.94 (8.9)
    Mean education, y (SD)16.44 (1.3)15.00 (2.6)16.81 (3.7)16.3 (2.9)
    Median EDSS (range)NA2 (1–3.5)NA1.5 (1–6)
    Median disease duration (range)NA8 (1–24)NA6.5 (1–29)
    Disease phenotypeNA16 RRNA14 RR/2 SP
    Mean cognitive task scores (SD)
         Symbol Digit Modalities Test64.50 (10.1)59.38 (9.0)61.55 (12.3)59.88 (8.5)
         Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test51.81 (8.6)49.44 (9.8)51.73 (7.5)54.25 (6.4)
         California Verbal Learning Test53.69 (10.7)56.25 (12.1)54.09 (12.9)49.06 (11.4)
         Brief Visuospatial Memory Test–Revised26.56 (3.9)25.31 (4.7)27.18 (5.1)26.81 (5.2)
         Controlled Word Association Test44.44 (9.3)47.13 (10.9)45.36 (7.1)45.94 (8.3)
    Motion characteristics, mm
         Mean (SD)0.275 (0.10)0.290 (0.09)0.309 (0.11)0.254 (0.07)
         Peak (SD)0.629 (0.36)0.724 (0.45)0.742 (0.37)0.555 (0.30)
    • Note:—RR indicates relapse-remitting; SP, secondary-progressive; NA, not applicable; EDSS, Expanded Disability Status Scale.

    • ↵a n = 11 for male control subjects on all cognitive tasks.

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    Table 2:

    Mean fcMRI values for MS and healthy control groups, by sex

    RegionMNI CoordinatesMean fcMRI Value (SD)P Valuea
    Female Control SubjectsFemale PatientsMale Control SubjectsMale PatientsAll Control SubjectsAll Patients
    Left medial frontal gyrus[−7 61 3.8]0.432 (0.773)1.768 (1.833)−0.044 (0.899)1.050 (0.857)0.194 (0.860)1.409 (1.454).0001
    Right medial frontal gyrus[7 59 7.4]1.292 (1.057)2.317 (1.352)1.101 (1.543)2.367 (1.076)1.197 (1.305)2.342 (1.202).0005
    Left anterior cingulate[−7 40 −11.8]−0.094 (0.471)0.510 (1.017)−0.430 (0.5090.603 (1.145)−0.262 (0.512)0.556 (1.066).0002
    Right putamen[27 10 −15.4]−0.550 (0.913)0.436 (0.681)−0.339 (0.735)0.237 (0.689)−0.445 (0.823)0.336 (0.681).0001
    Left middle temporal gyrus[−56 −4 −23.8]0.376 (0.404)0.991 (1.010)0.162 (0.332)1.253 (1.142)0.269 (0.380)1.122 (1.068).0001
    Left DLPFC[−25 40 19.4]−0.986 (0.660)−0.147 (0.809)−0.194 (0.637)0.848 (0.830)−0.590 (0.754)−0.497 (0.881)NS
    Right caudate[19 24 3.8]−0.642 (0.909)0.210 (0.651)0.094 (0.818)−0.463 (0.612)−0.274 (0.929)−0.127 (0.710)NS
    • Note:—NS indicates not significant.

    • ↵a P values for control subject and patient comparisons.

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American Journal of Neuroradiology: 34 (12)
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K.A. Koenig, M.J. Lowe, J. Lin, K.E. Sakaie, L. Stone, R.A. Bermel, E.B. Beall, S.M. Rao, B.D. Trapp, M.D. Phillips
Sex Differences in Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Multiple Sclerosis
American Journal of Neuroradiology Dec 2013, 34 (12) 2304-2311; DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A3630

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Sex Differences in Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Multiple Sclerosis
K.A. Koenig, M.J. Lowe, J. Lin, K.E. Sakaie, L. Stone, R.A. Bermel, E.B. Beall, S.M. Rao, B.D. Trapp, M.D. Phillips
American Journal of Neuroradiology Dec 2013, 34 (12) 2304-2311; DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A3630
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