Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig 1.
FIRST segmentation of the subcortical nuclei in a patient with liver cirrhosis. Volume estimation for 7 bilateral subcortical nuclei, including the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, caudate, hippocampus, pallidum, putamen, and thalamus.
- Fig 2.
Statistical 3D maps revealing putaminal volume reduction in Child B and C groups versus controls, with P values color-coded at each surface point (FDR, P < .05 corrected for multiple comparisons). Red areas indicate significant volume reduction (P < .005); blue areas indicate little or no volume reduction (P > .05). R indicates right; L, left; A, anterior.
- Fig 3.
Statistical 3D maps revealing significant caudate nucleus volume reduction in the left lateral aspect in the Child C group versus controls. R indicates right; L, left; A, anterior.
- Fig 4.
Shape analysis of the GP. A and B, Anterior coronal views display the relative anatomic location of the putamen and GP in a healthy control. C and D, Statistical 3D maps display right pallidal volume changes with P values color-coded at each surface point in the Child B (C) and Child C groups (D). Note that the GP volume decrease in patients with cirrhosis, while not directly measured, is indicated by the location of the shape change. Medial expansion and lateral compression of the GP was found to be proportional to the severity of liver cirrhosis and further suggested counterbalancing roles between the medial and lateral GP physiologically.
- Fig 5.
The relationship between total CASI scores and volume of the bilateral putamina.
Tables
- Table 1:
Demographic and clinical characteristics among patients with Child B and Child C liver cirrhosis and controls
Group Control Child B Child C F or χ2 P Value No. of subjects 28 16 12 Age (yr) 54.21 ± 10.85 52.75 ± 7.80 56.17 ± 11.47 0.383 .684 Sex 7 F/21 M 3 F/13 M 4 F/8 M 0.778 .678 Education (yr) 11.75 ± 4.34 10.75 ± 3.53 8.83 ± 3.19 2.350 .105 Type of hepatitis 12 (B)/4 (C) 9 (B)/3 (C) 0.761 .672 TIV (cm3) 1521.86 ± 129.58 1528.18 ± 164.67 1461.36 ± 182.17 0.272 .763 GM (cm3) 658.27 ± 60.28 652.71 ± 55.62 626.14 ± 85.14 0.310 .735 WM (cm3) 467.61 ± 52.68 471.96 ± 73.61 426.86 ± 57.58 1.222 .303 Creatinine (mg/dL) – 0.82 ± 0.30 0.70 ± 0.27 1.148 .294 Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L) – 88.70 ± 32.00 105.57 ± 31.46 0.491 .490 Bilirubin (mg/dL) – 1.34 ± 0.87 4.63 ± 2.01 28.133 <.001a Albumin (mg/dL) – 3.56 ± 0.57 2.75 ± 0.38 13.045 .001a INR – 1.14 ± 0.13 1.37 ± 0.21 12.408 .002a Venous ammonia (mg/dL) – 103.25 ± 37.51 147.08 ± 102.02 2.526 .124 Pallidal index 0.90 ± 0.05 1.03 ± 0.96 1.04 ± 0.82 24.406 <.001a CASI score (0–100) 97.39 ± 4.99 82.27 ± 25.09 71.00 ± 23.86 7.268 .002a Note:–indicates not available.
-
↵a Indicates threshold for statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.
- Table 2:
Mean subcortical nuclei volume in cubic centimeters per diagnosis: MANCOVA analysis applied for estimating group differencesa
Anatomy A B C MANCOVA Post Hoc Comparison Cohen D Control Child B Child C Mean Volume (SD) (cm3) F P Value A vs B B vs C A vs C L accumbens 0.39 (0.11) 0.35 (0.09) 0.30 (0.07) 2.64 .08 0.42 0.69 1.01 L amygdala 1.12 (0.19) 1.02 (0.20) 0.94 (0.23) 3.12 .05b A > C; A, B (NS); B, C (NS) 0.51 0.39 0.87 L caudate 3.09 (0.35) 2.92 (0.48) 2.70 (0.41) 3.53 .04b A > C; A, B (NS); B, C (NS) 0.39 0.49 1.01 L hippocampus 3.61 (0.44) 3.66 (0.41) 3.51 (0.72) 0.11 .90 −0.13 0.27 0.17 L pallidus 1.78 (0.28) 1.60 (0.48) 1.57 (0.56) 1.21 .31 0.47 0.04 0.47 L putamen 4.77 (0.54) 4.33 (0.87) 3.81 (0.75) 7.17 <.01b A > B; A > C; B, C (NS) 0.60 0.64 1.47 L thalamus 7.24 (0.62) 7.25 (0.56) 6.84 (0.63) 0.78 .46 −0.02 0.69 0.64 R accumbens 0.29 (0.09) 0.26 (0.12) 0.22 (0.09) 1.03 .36 0.30 0.32 0.71 R amygdala 1.08 (0.22) 0.95 (0.25) 0.93 (0.20) 2.59 .09 0.53 0.10 0.70 R caudate 3.22 (0.40) 3.20 (0.52) 2.97 (0.42) 0.76 .47 0.04 0.49 0.61 R hippocampus 3.77 (0.53) 3.85 (0.58) 3.75 (0.38) 0.06 .94 −0.14 0.20 0.04 R pallidus 1.78 (0.30) 1.63 (0.44) 1.56 (0.46) 1.13 .33 0.38 0.17 0.57 R putamen 4.58 (0.51) 4.24 (0.81) 3.96 (0.73) 3.71 .03b A > B; A > C; B, C (NS) 0.51 0.37 0.99 R thalamus 6.99 (0.61) 7.07 (0.54) 6.74 (0.70) 0.12 .89 −0.14 0.53 0.38
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