Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig 1.
Volume analysis. Drops are shown with 10-, 5-, and 1-λ volumes. 1 λ is equivalent to 1 μL (0.001 mL) or 1 mm3. The measurement scale is in millimeters.
- Fig 2.
Photograph of a filter with volume content >10 λ before being cut open. The measurement scale is in millimeters.
- Fig 3.
Photographs of macroscopic views of fibrin and platelet aggregates on the outer surface of filters. A, Plugs of fibrinoplatelet material cover pores outside the filter. B, A cut-open filter shows large-volume particles inside.
- Fig 4.
Photomicrographs show ultrastructural findings. A, Small capillary. B, Endothelial cell. C, Foam cell with intracytoplasmic inclusions. D, Cholesterol crystals. E, Fragment of the vessel wall. F, Small calcification within the vessel wall. G, Collagen fibers. H, Smooth muscle cell (lead citrate and uranyl acetate, original magnification ×25,000).
Tables
Characteristic No. (%) Right ICA stenosis 100 (49.8) Left ICA stenosis 101 (50.2) % Stenosis (treated vessel) <95% 144 (71.6) 95%–98% 40 (20) 99% 17 (8.45) % Contralateral stenosis <70% 136 (67.5) 70%–98% 27 (13.4) 99% 4 (2) 100% 34 (17) Ulcerated plaque 102 (50.7) Calcified plaque 90 (45) Functioning AcomA 159 (79.1) Functioning PcomA 96 (45.7) Plaque size (cm) Mean, 1.79 cm (range, 0.1–2.4) Distance from carotid bulb (cm) Mean, 0.31 cm (range, 0–1.2) Intracranial lesion* 23 (13) Dissection post-PTA† 16 (8) Transient asymptomatic vasospasm 59 (29.4) Note:—PTA indicates percutaneous transluminal angioplasty; AcomA, anterior communicating artery; PcomA, posterior communicating artery; ICA, internal carotid artery.
* “Intracranial lesion” is defined as any aneurysm, stenosis, or vascular malformation discovered in the pre-CAS angiographic study.
† Dissection post-PTA indicates a subtle intimal irregularity shown in the angiographic post-PTA and pre-CAS examination, due to manipulation during PTA, with no clinical manifestation.
Content No. (%) Particulate material recovered in the filter No 84 (41.8) Yes 117 (58.2) Volume of the particulate material (117 positive cases) ≤1 λ (0.001 mL = 1μl = 1 mm3) 83 (71) >1 λ 27 (23) >10 λ 7 (6) Note:—CAS indicates carotid angioplasty and stent placement.
- Table 3:
Volume of the particulate material recovered in the distal filter and pathologic composition (117 positive cases)
≤1 λ (n = 83) >1 λ (n = 27) P No. (%) No. (%) Fibrin/platelet complex 56 (33.5) 22 (64) .001 Cell debris 35 (21) 24 (70.6) <.001 Cholesterol clefts 29 (17.4) 21 (61.8) >.001 Foam cells 15 (9) 9 (26.5) .004 Amorphous material 5 (3) 5 (14.7) .004 Collagen 8 (4.8) 1 (2.9) .6 Calcium 4 (2.4) 2 (5.9) .2 Smooth muscle 4 (2.4) 1 (2.9) .8 Capillary 3 (1.8) 0 (0) .4 No. of Dilations Content in Filter (No., %) No Yes Total 1 23 (60.5) 15 (39.5) 38 (100) 2 41 (38) 67 (62) 108 (100) ≥3 20 (36.4) 35 (63.6) 55 (100) Total 84 (41.8) 117 (58.2) 201 (100)
