Transcranial Color-Coded Duplex Sonography for Detection of Distal Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis

References

1. ↵
   Akins PT, Pilgram TK, Cross DT, et al. Natural history of stenosis from intracranial atherosclerosis by serial angiography. Stroke 1998;29:433–38

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
2. Kappelle LJ, Eliasziw M, Fox AJ, et al. Importance of intracranial atherosclerotic disease in patients with symptomatic stenosis of the internal carotid artery: The North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trail. Stroke 1999;30:282–86

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
3. ↵
   Mazighi M, Tanasescu R, Ducrocq X, et al. Prospective study of symptomatic atherothrombotic intracranial stenoses: the GESICA study. Neurology 2006;66:1187–91

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
4. ↵
   Craig DR, Meguro K, Watridge C, et al. Intracranial internal carotid artery stenosis. Stroke 1982;13:825–28

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
5. Caplan LR, Gorelick PB, Hier DB. Race, sex and occlusive cerebrovascular disease: a review. Stroke 1986;17:648–55

   FREE Full Text
6. ↵
   Sacco RL, Kargman DE, Gu Q, et al. Race-ethnicity and determinants of intracranial atherosclerotic cerebral infarction: The Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Stroke 1995;26:14–20

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
7. ↵
   Lylyk P, Cohen JE, Ceratto R, et al. Angioplasty and stent placement in intracranial atherosclerotic stenoses and dissections. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002;23:430–36

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
8. ↵
   Chimowitz MI, Kokkinos J, Strong J, et al. The Warfarin-Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease Study. Neurology 1995;45:1488–93

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
9. ↵
   Thijs VN, Albers GW. Symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis: outcome of patients who fail antithrombotic therapy. Neurology 2000;55:490–97

   Abstract/FREE Full Text
10. ↵
    Chimowitz MI, Lynn MJ, Howlett-Smith H, et al. Comparison of warfarin and aspirin for symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1305–16

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
11. ↵
    Chaturvedi S, Caplan LR. Angioplasty for intracranial atherosclerosis: is the treatment worse than the disease? Neurology 2003;61:1647–48

    FREE Full Text
12. Clark WM, Barnwell SL, Nesbit G, et al. Safety and efficacy of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis. Stroke 1995;26:1200–04

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
13. ↵
    Marks MP, Wojak JC, Al-Ali F, et al. Angioplasty for symptomatic intracranial stenosis: clinical outcome. Stroke 2006;37:1016–20

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
14. ↵
    Bouthillier A, van Loveren HR, Keller JT. Segments of the internal carotid artery: a new classification. Neurosurgery 1996;38:425–32; discussion 432–23

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
15. Gibo H, Lenkey C, Rhoton AL, et al. Microsurgical anatomy of the supraclinoid portion of the internal carotid artery. J Neurosurg 1981;55:560–74

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
16. ↵
    Day AL. Arterial distribution and variants. In: J.H. Wood, ed. Cerebral Blood Flow. New York: McGraw Hill;1987 :19–36
17. ↵
    Becker G, Griewing B. Examination techniques. In: Bogdahn U, Becker G, Schlachetzki F, ed. Echoenhancers and Transcranial Color Duplex Sonography. Berlin, Germany: Blackwell Science;1998 :219–50
18. ↵
    Baumgartner RW. Transcranial color duplex sonography in cerebrovascular disease: a systematic review. Cerebrovasc Dis 2003;16:4–13

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
19. ↵
    Jung HW, Chang KH, Choi DS, et al. Contrast-enhanced MR angiography for the diagnosis of intracranial vascular disease: optimal dose of gadopentetate dimeglumine. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995;165:1251–55

    PubMed
20. ↵
    Jeong EK, Parker DL, Tsuruda JS, et al. Reduction of flow-related signal loss in flow-compensated 3D TOF MR angiography, using variable echo time (3D TOF-VTE). Magn Reson Med 2002;48:667–76

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
21. ↵
    Krejza J, Baumgartner RW. Clinical applications of transcranial color-coded duplex sonography. J Neuroimaging 2004;14:215–25

    CrossRefPubMed
22. ↵
    Baumgartner RW. Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography. J Neurol 1999;246:637–47

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
23. Wechsler LR. Cerebrovascular disease. In: Babikien V, Wechsler LR, Toole JF, eds. Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography, 2nd edition. Boston: Butterworth Heinemann;1999 :91–108
24. ↵
    Spencer MP, Whisler D. Transorbital Doppler diagnosis of intracranial arterial stenosis. Stroke 1986;17:916–21

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
25. ↵
    Valaikiene J, Schlachetzki F, Holscher T, et al. Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography of the carotid siphon: the coronal approach. Clin Imaging 2002;26:81–85

    CrossRefPubMed
26. ↵
    Postert T, Braun B, Meves S, et al. Contrast-enhanced transcranial color-coded sonography in acute hemispheric brain infarction. Stroke 1999;30:1819–26

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
27. ↵
    Gosling RG, King DH. Arterial assessment by Doppler-shift ultrasound. Proc R Soc Med 1974;67:447–49

    PubMedWeb of Science
28. ↵
    Aaslid R, Nornes H. Musical murmurs in human cerebral arteries after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 1984;60:32–36

    PubMedWeb of Science
29. ↵
    Baumgartner RW, Mattle HP, Schroth G. Assessment of >/=50% and <50% intracranial stenoses by transcranial color-coded duplex sonography. Stroke 1999;30:87–92

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
30. ↵
    Samuels OB, Joseph GJ, Lynn MJ, et al. A standardized method for measuring intracranial arterial stenosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000;21:643–46

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
31. ↵
    Kasner SE, Chimowitz MI, Lynn MJ, et al. Predictors of ischemic stroke in the territory of a symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis. Circulation 2006;113:555–63

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
32. ↵
    Ringelstein EB, Kahlscheuer B, Niggemeyer E, et al. Transcranial Doppler sonography: anatomical landmarks and normal velocity values. Ultrasound Med Biol 1990;16:745–61

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
33. ↵
    Russo G, Profeta G, Acampora S, et al. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound: examination technique and normal reference values. J Neurosurg Sci 1986;30:97–102

    PubMed
34. ↵
    Becker G, Maurer M, Bogdahn U. Intracranial veins. In: Bogdahn U, Becker G, Schlachetzki F, eds. Echoenhancers and Transcranial Color Duplex Sonography. Berlin, Germany: Blackwell Science;1998 :265–75
35. ↵
    Hu HH, Luo CL, Sheng WY, et al. Transorbital color Doppler flow imaging of the carotid siphon and major arteries at the base of the brain. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1995;16:591–98

    Abstract
36. ↵
    Yasargil MG. Microneurosurgery. Stuttgart, Germany: Thieme;1984
37. ↵
    Landwehr P, Schindler R, Heinrich U, et al. Quantification of vascular stenosis with color Doppler flow imaging: in vitro investigations. Radiology 1991;178:701–04

    PubMed
38. ↵
    Ley-Pozo J, Ringelstein EB. Noninvasive detection of occlusive disease of the carotid siphon and middle cerebral artery. Ann Neurol 1990;28:640–47

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
39. ↵
    Lin SK, Ryu SJ, Chang YJ, et al. Clinical relevance of musical murmurs in color-coded carotid and transcranial duplex sonographies. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006;27:1493–97

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
40. ↵
    Roederer GO, Langlois YE, Chan AR, et al. Is siphon disease important in predicting outcome of carotid endarterectomy? Arch Surg 1983;118:1177–81

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
41. ↵
    Mackey WC, O'Donnell TF Jr, Callow AD. Carotid endarterectomy in patients with intracranial vascular disease: short-term risk and long-term outcome. J Vasc Surg 1989;10:432–38

    CrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
42. ↵
    Rouleau PA, Huston J 3rd, Meyer FB, et al. Carotid artery tandem lesions: frequency of angiographic detection and consequences for endarterectomy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999;20:621–25

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
43. ↵
    Seidel G, Kaps M, Gerriets T. Potential and limitations of transcranial color-coded sonography in stroke patients. Stroke 1995;26:2061–66

    Abstract/FREE Full Text
44. ↵
    Postert T, Federlein J, Przuntek H, et al. Insufficient and absent acoustic temporal bone window: potential and limitations of transcranial contrast-enhanced color-coded sonography and contrast-enhanced power-based sonography. Ultrasound Med Biol 1997;23:857–62

    CrossRefPubMed
45. ↵
    Seidel G, Meyer K. Impact of ultrasound contrast agents in cerebrovascular diagnostics. Eur J Ultrasound 2002;16:81–90

    CrossRefPubMed
46. ↵
    Lee JD, Ryu SJ, Chang YJ, et al. Carotid ultrasound criteria for detecting intracranial carotid stenosis. Eur Neurol 2007;57:156–60

    CrossRefPubMed