Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig 1.
Photograph of the reconstructed 18th century Fort Massac in southern Illinois, demonstrating walls made of log palisades (courtesy of James P. Rowen).
- Fig 2.
Drawing of a Verocay body illustrating the parallel rows of fusiform nuclei (modified with permission from Springer-Verlag1).
- Fig 3.
Photomicrograph of Verocay bodies in a schwannoma characterized by linear arrangements of elongated tumor nuclei (hematoxylin-eosin [H&E], original magnification ×400).
- Fig 4.
Spongioblastic tumor showing rhythmic palisades (linear waves of tumor nuclei) or spongioblastic pattern. This feature is now considered a relatively nonspecific pattern, and other regions of this tumor showed classic histologic features of anaplastic oligodendroglioma (H&E, original magnification ×400).
- Fig 5.
Drawing of pseudopalisading, illustrating the garlandlike array of nuclei surrounding a region of necrosis (modified with permission from Springer-Verlag1).
- Fig 6.
Pseudopalisading necrosis in a glioblastoma characterized by a garlandlike arrangement of hypercellular tumor nuclei (arrows) lining up around irregular foci of tumor necrosis (n) containing pyknotic nuclei (arrowheads). Note tumor vessel (v) (H&E; original magnification ×200).
- Fig 7.
Schematic representation of the formation of a pseudopalisade. Growth of the glioblastoma stimulates neo-angiogenesis. Expression of ang 2 causes endothelial damage, which, in turn, produces vascular occlusion and hypoxia. Cells unable to survive the hypoxia succumb and form the nidus of coagulation necrosis. Other cells, however, migrate to the periphery of the hypoxic field in waves forming pseudopalisades. The migrating hypoxic cells secrete VEGF, proteases, and other factors that cause further microvascular proliferation and enhanced invasiveness in regions ringing the hypoxic field. These latter effects prompt further aggressive outward expansion of the glioblastoma cells (modified with permission from Brat et al42).
Tables
Lesions associated with palisades or Verocay bodies
Category Examples Peripheral nerve sheath tumors Schwannoma Palisaded encapsulated neuroma Neurofibroma Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) Central nervous system tumors Meningioma (mostly the fibrous variant) Medulloblastoma Supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor Pilocytic astrocytomas Oligodendroglioma Ependymoma Craniopharyngioma Soft tissue tumors Spindle cell lipomas Cutaneous fibrous histiocytoma Angioleiomyoma Cutaneous leiomyoma Cutaneous leiomyosarcoma Fibrous mesothelioma Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans Myofibroblastoma Myofibroblastic dermatofibroma Epithelial neoplasms Basal cell carcinoma Basal cell adenoma Skin adnexal tumors Melanocytic tumors Malignant melanoma Giant congenital nevi Cutaneous malignant melanotic neurocristic tumor
