Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig 1.
Frequency and site of traumatic microbleeds according to 10 brain areas. Shown is the total number of traumatic microbleeds in each brain area (front, frontal lobe; temp, temporal lobe; par, parietal lobe; occip, occipital lobe; cereb, cerebellum; bg, basal ganglia; thal, thalamus; cc, corpus callosum; mes, mesencephalon; bs, brain stem).
- Fig 2.
Images of a 20-year-old man who was a passenger in a traffic accident in May 1999; he had not been wearing a seat belt. Multiple traumatic microbleeds are shown in the white matter of the right superior frontal gyrus. Left, T2-weighted image; right: T2*-weighted image. Axial view sections obtained from the identical location. Multiple traumatic microbleeds, which are clearly shown on the T2*-weighted gradient-echo images, are not depicted on the T2-weighted MR images. Note that no T2-hyperintense foci are seen. GCS score, 3; GOS score, 5.
- Fig 3.
Images of a 22-year-old man who was the driver of a car that collided with a truck in June 1999. Multiple traumatic microbleeds are shown at the gray matter-white matter border. Left, T2-weighted image; right, T2*-weighted image. Images were obtained in the same plane. GCS score, 5; GOS score, 4.
- Fig 4.
Images of a 42-year-old man who was a passenger in a traffic accident in September 2000. Traumatic microbleeds are shown in the posterior corpus callosum. Left, T2-weighted image; right, T2*-weighted image. Note the additional traumatic microbleeds in the left side of the splenium and at the gray matter-white matter border of the frontal lobes, which are not visible on the T2-weighted images. No T2-hyperintense callosal lesions are seen. GCS score, 3; GOS score, 4.
- Fig 5.
Images of a 39-year-old woman who fell off a horse in July 1996. Traumatic microbleeds are shown in the left rostral brain stem (superior cerebellar peduncle), which is a preferential site for diffuse axonal injury. The nearly symmetrical additional larger dark areas are artifacts from the petrous bone. Left, T2-weighted image; right, T2*-weighted image. GCS score, 14; GOS score, 6.
- Fig 6.
Relationships between number and site of traumatic microbleeds and clinical and imaging parameters. Top left, relationship of number of traumatic microbleeds to site of a callosal lesion (P = .0001). Top right, relationship of total number of traumatic microbleeds to the existence of a callosal lesion in general (P = .0000). Bottom left, relationship of total number of traumatic microbleeds to cause of injury (TA, traffic accident; P = .0028). Bottom right, relationship of total number of traumatic microbleeds to existence of inner brain atrophy (P = .0020).
- Fig 7.
Images of a 37-year-old man who was a pedestrian in a traffic accident in January 1992; he was hit by an automobile while under the influence of alcohol. Traumatic microbleed is shown in the left midbrain, adjacent to the red nucleus, 99 months after traumatic brain injury. Left, T2-weighted image; right, T2*-weighted image. GCS score, 4; GOS score, 4.
Tables
Number or Range Median Percent n 66 Age (yr) 17–57 33 Sex Male 51 77.3 Female 15 22.7 Time interval TBI–MR imaging (mo) 3–292 23.5 Type of head injury Open 17 25.8 Closed 49 74.2 Cause of injury Traffic accident 45 68.2 Fall 16 24.2 Blow/assault 5 7.6 Multiple injuries 9 13.6 Medical history Hypertension 1 1.5 Diabetes mellitus 0 0 Lacunar stroke 0 0 Alcohol abuse 3 4.5 TBI 2 3 GCS score (n = 62) 3–15 6 GOS score 3–8 5 Note.—TBI indicates traumatic brain injury; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; GOS, Glasgow Outcome Scale.
Total Lesions Range Median + SD T1 326 0–31 2.5 + 6.8* T2 hypo 168.5 0–12 1.0 + 3.6* T2 hyper 65 0–10 0 + 2.25* T2* 608 0–61 3.75 + 13.9 Note.—T1 indicates T1-weighted MR imaging; T2 hypo, T2-weighted MR imaging hypointensities; T2 hyper, T2-weighted MR imaging hyperintensities; T2*, T2*-weighted MR imaging.
Number Percent MR imaging-negative 10 15.2 Concerning TMBs 20 30.3 TMBs/DAI None or nonisolated 55 83.3 Isolated 11 16.7 FCC 37 56 Isolated 13 19.7 Side of lesion(s) Right 5 7.6 Left 5 7.6 Both 36 54.5 Corpus callosum lesion None 52 78.8 Anterior 4 6.1 Posterior 8 12.1 Diffuse 2 3.0 Brain stem involvement 6 9.1 Other traumatic lesions (isolated or in combination) Traumatic hematomas 2 3 Gliding contusions 6 9 SAB 7 10.6 SDH 6 9 EDH 5 7.6 Ischemic lesions 3 4.5 Residues Atrophy/hydrocephalus 7 10.6 Note.—TMBs indicates traumatic microbleeds; DAI, diffuse axonal injury; FCC, focal cortical contusion; SAB, subarachnoid hemorrhage; SDH, subdural hematoma; EDH, epidural hematoma.
- TABLE 4:
Tested inter-relations between the clinical parameters and the neuroradiologic data
Relationship Tested Median (Range) Rs P T2* latency (TBI–MR imaging) −0.286 0.020 T2* type of TBI 0.7211 Closed 4.0 (0–61) Open 2.0 (0–52.5) T2* cause of TBI 0.0028* Traffic accident 5.5 (0–61) Fall 2.5 (0–34) Blow/assault 0 (0–5) T2* multiple injuries 0.2481 No 3.5 (0–52.5) Yes 5.5 (0–61) T2* atrophy/hydrocephalus 0.0020* No 3.5 (0–45.5) Yes 28 (4–61) T2* isolated TMBs 0.1266 No 3.5 (0–52.5) Yes 4.5 (0.5–61) T2* corpus callosum lesion 0.0000* No 2.0 (0–34) Yes 26.0 (1.5–61) T2* GCS score (n = 62) for total hypo foci −0.427 0.000* T2* GCS score (n = 62) for hypo foci in corpus callosum −0.428 0.000* Corpus callosum lesion GCS score (n = 62) 0.002* No 6 (3–15) Yes 4 (3–14) T2* GOS score for total hypo foci −0.062 0.618 T2* GOS score for hypo foci in corpus callosum −0.103 0.408 Corpus callosum lesion GOS score 0.3674 No 5 (3–8) Yes 5 (3–8) Isolated TMBs GOS score 0.8856 No 5 (3–8) Yes 5 (4–7) Isolated FCC GOS score 0.1724 No 5 (3–8) Yes 4 (3–6) Note.—Rs indicates Spearman rank correlation coefficient; T2*, T2*-weighted MR imaging; TBI, traumatic brain injury; TMBs, traumatic microbleeds; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; hypo, hypointense; GOS, Glasgow Outcome Scale; FCC, focal cortical contusion.
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