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Anatomic images covering the cervical spinal cord from the C1 to C6 levels and DTI, magnetization transfer/inhomogeneous magnetization transfer images at the C2/C5 levels were acquired in 19 patients with MS and 19 paired healthy controls. Anatomic images were segmented in spinal cord GM and WM, both manually and using the AMU40 atlases. MS lesions were manually delineated. MR imaging metrics were analyzed within normal-appearing and lesion regions in anterolateral and posterolateral WM and compared using Wilcoxon rank tests and z scores. The use of a multiparametric MR imaging protocol combined with an automatic template-based GM/WM segmentation approach in the current study outlined a higher sensitivity of the ihMT technique toward spinal cord pathophysiologic changes in MS compared with atrophy measurements, DTI, and conventional MT. The authors also conclude that the clinical correlations between ihMTR and functional impairment observed in patients with MS also argue for its potential clinical relevance, paving the way for future longitudinal multicentric clinical trials in MS.

Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (sdAVFs) usually become symptomatic in elderly men, who are affected 5 times more often than women. Symptoms caused by sdAVF comprise gait disturbances with or without paresis, sensory disturbances in the lower extremities, pain, and sphincter and erectile dysfunction. The authors retrospectively analyzed their medical data base for all patients treated for spinal dural arteriovenous fistula at their institution between 2006 and 2016. Patient age, neurologic status at the time of diagnosis, the duration of symptoms from onset to diagnosis, and follow-up information were evaluated. The extent of medullary T2WI hyperintensity, intramedullary contrast enhancement, and elongation of perimedullary veins on MR imaging at the time of diagnosis were additionally analyzed. Data for long-term outcome analysis were available in 40 patients with a mean follow-up of 52 months. The mean age at the time of diagnosis was 69 years (median, 71 years; range, 53-84 years) with a male predominance (80%). The mean duration of symptoms was 20 months. Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas are characterized by inter-individually variable clinical presentations, which make a determination of specific predictors for long-term outcome more difficult. Fast and sufficient diagnosis might result in a better outcome after treatment. The diagnosis of spinal dural arteriovenous fistula remains markedly delayed, reflecting an ongoing lack of knowledge and awareness among treating physicians of this rare-but-serious disease.