Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Differentiating major subtypes of cervicofacial vascular lesions is crucial for appropriate management. The aim of our study was to evaluate the performance of an MR imaging arterial spin-labeling perfusion sequence in discriminating pediatric cervicofacial soft-tissue vascular anomalies.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of data from a prospectively maintained registry including pediatric patients at a tertiary pediatric center between January 2012 and January 2014. We included pediatric patients with a final diagnosis of soft-tissue vascular anomalies and an MR imaging, including an arterial spin-labeling sequence at presentation. We performed an analysis of lesion perfusion, blinded to clinical data, by using concurrent spiral 3D pseudocontinuous arterial spin-labeling (1.5T magnet; spiral matrix, 512 × 8 mm; postlabeling delay, 1025 ms). Lesional flow was recorded with calibrated intralesional ROIs. Perfusion characteristics were compared among lesion subtypes with the Mood Median test.
RESULTS: Among 840 patients screened, 46 matched the inclusion criteria and were included (median age, 1.45 years; interquartile range, 0.4–5.1 years; 27 females). Hemangiomas, including infantile hemangiomas (n = 18 patients) and noninvoluting (n = 2) and rapidly involuting (n = 1) congenital types, demonstrated marked hyperperfusion (median flow, 436 mL/min/100 g; interquartile range, 212.5–603 mL/min/100 g), significantly higher than that of lymphatic malformations (median, 22.5 mL/min/100 g; interquartile range, 16–60 mL/min/100 g; P < .001) or venous malformations (median, 25 mL/min/100 g; interquartile range, 15–66.5 mL/min/100 g; P = .003).
CONCLUSIONS: MR imaging arterial spin-labeling is a valuable tool for the assessment of soft-tissue vascular anomaly hemodynamics and for the classification of major lesion subtypes.
ABBREVIATIONS:
- ASL
- arterial spin-labeling
- HI
- infantile hemangioma
- IQR
- interquartile range
- NICH
- noninvoluting congenital hemangioma
- RICH
- rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma
- STVA
- soft-tissue vascular anomaly
Soft-tissue vascular anomalies (STVAs) include vascular tumors and vascular malformations; they can involve any part of the body and can be responsible for non negligible morbidity.1 Vascular lesions represent the first cause of soft-tissue tumors and pseudotumors in children.2 The International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies has classified these lesions in a framework of consistent nomenclature, last updated in April 2014.3 This nomenclature is based on a body of clinical, biologic, pathologic, genetic, and imaging data. In this classification, perfusion characteristics play a central role in lesion definition3; therefore, any technique allowing local blood perfusion measurement is of critical importance for the diagnostic work-up.4,5 In this behavior-based lesion classification, vascular anomalies are divided into vascular tumors, which include hemangiomas (benign tumor subgroup) and vascular malformations, which include lymphatic and venous lesions (locally aggressive or borderline subgroup). Differentiating these major subtypes of vascular lesions is crucial for appropriate management.
The sonographic appearance and flow pattern on Doppler examinations are the most commonly available diagnostic tests to classify STVAs in most centers; however, their use for cervicofacial STVAs can be challenging. Intracranial extensions are obviously out of reach when the fontanels are closed, and the extent of the lesions can be underestimated when assessed solely by ultrasound, especially when they are embedded or hidden by bony structures.5
MR imaging has emerged as a key complementary examination for these complex or deep vascular lesions2,5,6 or when examination of the brain is mandated by potential lesion associations.2,6,7 In such situations, contrast medium injection may be required to assess the enhancement pattern of the lesion.8 However, besides needing a venous access, contrast enhancement is not a direct reflection of STVA perfusion and only captures contrast medium leakage in the extravascular space.9 Conversely, arterial spin-labeling (ASL) is an MR imaging technique that allows quantitative measurement of tissue perfusion by using magnetically labeled blood, therefore without any contrast medium injection.10 Accumulating evidence has demonstrated the reliability of ASL in evaluating regional perfusion and its utility in the diagnostic work-up of vascular anomalies.10⇓⇓–13 Of particular interest in pediatric patients, waiving the need for contrast injection, ASL is an interesting asset for the diagnosis of STVAs in this population.
The aim of our study was to retrospectively assess the potential value of the ASL sequence for the characterization of cervicofacial soft-tissue vascular anomalies in children.
Materials and Methods
Study Population
The study population was derived from a prospective longitudinal cohort of consecutive children referred to Necker Children's Hospital, a tertiary care pediatric hospital, between January 2012 and January 2014. Our STVA registry is a prospectively implemented data base collecting demographic, clinical, imaging, and treatment data of consecutive patients with STVAs admitted at our institution. The initial clinical examination was performed by experienced pediatric dermatologists, and all cases were discussed at a pediatric multidisciplinary meeting, including head and neck surgeons, pediatric radiologists, and interventional neuroradiologists.
This data base was retrospectively queried to identify patients matching the following inclusion criteria: 1) children between birth and 18 years of age; 2) those with cervicofacial STVAs (defined by clinical examination, ultrasound examination, CT angiography, or venography); and 3) patients who had undergone an MR imaging ASL sequence during their initial diagnostic work-up before any treatment or biopsy.
Final diagnosis was obtained prospectively for each patient from the conclusions of our multidisciplinary symposium, which included pediatric dermatologists, radiologists, and surgeons, on the basis of the clinical-imaging features and evolution of the lesion and the pathologic examination findings, when available.
Test Method
MR Imaging Acquisition.
An ASL perfusion sequence was acquired by using a 1.5T MR imaging scanner (Signa HDxt; GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin) and consisted of a concurrent spiral 3D pseudocontinuous ASL (12-channel head coil; 3D volume with a 4-mm section thickness; number of excitations, 3; axial partitions, 80; FOV, 240 × 240; acquisition matrix, 4 mm3; spiral arms in each 3D partition, 8; points per arm, 512; TE, 10.5 ms; TR, 4428 ms; postlabeling delay, 1025 ms; flip angle, 155°). All patients underwent a routine MR imaging examination, including T1 and T2 sequences (including fat saturation when needed); additional sequences were performed at the discretion of the attending radiologist (contrast medium injection, dynamic injection).
MR Imaging Analysis.
Regional flow measurements (in milliliters/100 g/minute) were obtained by using an optimized dedicated in-house postprocessing software on Advantage Windows workstations (GE Healthcare), as previously described.14 Quantitative measurements were performed in consensus by 2 trained pediatric radiologists (F.B., V.D.-R.), blinded to clinical data. Lesional flow was measured in spheric calibrated ROIs of variable sizes according to the STVA size (mean, 50 mm2), positioned in the center of the lesion, with care being taken to avoid partial volume averaging from adjacent tissues.
A third reader (O.N.) performed quantitative measurements independently to allow the calculation of interrater agreement statistics.
Ethics
The study conformed to generally accepted scientific principles and to ethical standards of research and was approved by an advisory opinion of the Ethics Committee (Comité de Protection des Personnes Ile de France III, AC051) at Necker Children's Hospital. The manuscript was prepared in accordance with Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines (http://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/strobe/).
Statistical Methods
Values are expressed as mean ± SD or median/interquartile range (IQR), as appropriate. For the comparison of flow measurements, the Mood Median test was used due to the unequal variance of samples.
We performed interrater measures by using pair-wise correlations (Pearson product-moment correlation of each pair), comparing mean ASL values of the initial consensus reading with those performed independently by a third reader.
Results
Among 840 pediatric patients screened for eligibility, 75 in the registry had undergone an ASL sequence at presentation, 49 of whom had a final diagnosis of cervicofacial STVA. Among these 49 patients, the ASL sequence was not interpretable in 3 cases due to kinetic artifacts. The remaining 46 patients were included in the study. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population are described in Table 1. The ASL perfusion characteristics in milliliters/100 g/minute of the 3 most frequent lesional subtypes of STVA are summarized in Fig 1 and Table 2.
Population characteristicsa
Illustrative cases of blood flow differences in major subtypes of STVA. Blood flow measured with ASL helps distinguish vascular anomalies. A–C, T2, T1, and ASL sequence blood flow maps. 1) Right intra- and periorbital hemangioma in a 6-month-old boy. ASL flow map demonstrates major lesional hyperperfusion (blood flow = 477 mL/100 g/min). 2) Intraorbital venous malformation of a 14-month-old boy with low blood flow (67 mL/min/100 g). 3) Intraosseous cystic lymphangioma of a 13-month-old girl with a low blood flow (45 mL/min/100 g).
Summary of baseline clinical and imaging characteristics by diagnostic category in major lesion subtypesa
Interobserver agreement was excellent for the measurement of ASL perfusion (pair-wise correlation, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.90–0.97).
Hemangiomas
Lesion characteristics are detailed in Table 2.
Infantile Hemangioma.
For infantile hemangiomas (HIs), the median age was 2.9 months; there were 11 girls and 7 boys. Seven HIs (39%) were located in the orbital region. In all cases in which gadolinium injection was performed, the hemangiomas were massively and homogeneously enhanced. All HIs presented with an increased ASL tissue flow. The median perfusion value was 491 mL/100 g/min (IQR, 290–622 mL/100 g/min) with a range between 100 and 880 mL/100 g/min.
Rapidly and Noninvoluting Congenital Hemangioma.
Two patients (6.1 and 8.2 years of age, respectively) had noninvoluting congenital hemangioma (NICH), and 1 patient (0 years) had rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma (RICH). After contrast injection, all 3 lesions enhanced massively. They presented with increased ASL-measured flow (median, 196 mL/100 g/min; IQR, 126–424 mL/100 g/min).
Overall, ASL showed a marked perfusion increase in all hemangiomas (HI, NICH, and RICH), with a median perfusion value of 477 mL/100 g/min (IQR, 212.5–603 mL/100 g/min).
Venous Malformations
For venous malformations, the median age was 4.6 years (range, 1.2–11years). There were 7 girls and 2 boys. All venous malformations presented with typical MR imaging features: isointense on T1 and moderately hyperintense on T2 fat-saturated sequences, with multiple small hypointense nodules representing focal nodular thromboses, precursors of phleboliths (uncalcified or soft phleboliths). The median flow was very low in all lesions (25 mL/min/100 g; IQR, 15–66.5 mL/min/100 g).
Lymphatic Malformations
For lymphatic malformations, the median age was 2.65 years (range, 8 months to 11.5 years). There were 5 girls and 5 boys. One patient (10%) presented with a fluid/fluid level. None of the lesions presented with enhanced perfusion (median flow, 22.5 mL/100 g/min; IQR, 16–60 mL/min/100 g).
Other Lesion Subtypes
Both AVMs and AVFs demonstrated increased intralesional perfusion (respectively, 779 and 451 mL/100 g/min), and none of the remaining lesions (namely, 1 hamartoma and 2 capillary lymphatic malformations) showed measurable increased perfusion (data not shown).
Lesion Subtype Comparisons
Hemangiomas, including NICH and RICH, presented with significantly higher flows than lymphatic (P < .0001) or venous malformations (P = .003). There was no significant difference between lymphatic and venous malformations (Fig 2).
Comparison of major STVA subtypes by using ASL blood flow maps. ASL blood flow values are plotted and labeled median on a 0- to 1000-mL/100 g/min base 10 logarithmic scale; error bars represent interquartile range. IH indicates infantile hemagioma; RICH and NICH indicate rapidly and noninvoluting congenital hemangioma.
Discussion
We demonstrated that the ASL sequence, through its ability to quantitatively measure lesional flow, helps discriminate major subtypes of STVAs. In addition to providing increased lesion conspicuity, the ASL sequence is an excellent tool for refining the diagnosis. In our cohort, ASL was able to characterize an increased perfusion in all hemodynamically active lesions (HI, RICH, NICH, AVM, and AVF) and the absence of any measurable increase of perfusion in the others (lymphatic malformation, venous malformation, and hamartoma) and thus provided decisive help in making the diagnosis. This difference reached statistical significance when we compared the most frequent lesion subtypes (infantile hemangioma, lymphatic malformation, and venous malformation).
These findings provide strong support for the use of the ASL sequence in pediatric patients with STVAs. To date, the role of ASL in the diagnostic work-up of cervicofacial regions has been examined in only a handful of studies.15⇓–17 Our systematic approach sheds light on the diagnostic possibilities of ASL in pediatric cervicofacial soft-tissue lesions.
Whereas vascular anomalies in children are commonly diagnosed by a combination of clinical examination and ultrasound Doppler findings, CT or MR imaging is often used to solve ambiguous cases or when an extended work-up is needed before treatment (nonexhaustively for osseous, complex, or intracranial lesions). MR imaging, in particular, has emerged as a key complementary tool in this setting.5 Several studies have reported the use of dynamic contrast-enhanced sequences to characterize soft-tissue vascular anomalies,8,18⇓–20 emphasizing the paramount importance of the analysis of the hemodynamics of these lesions.21 The present exploratory pilot study demonstrates the ability of the ASL sequence to discriminate infantile hemangiomas from venous and lymphatic malformations. Moreover, in view of its ability to quantitatively measure perfusion changes, the ASL sequence also has potential implications for patient follow-up during or after treatment. The blood flow response during or after treatment could easily be assessed by using ASL, but further longitudinal studies will be needed to examine its usefulness in this context.
Caution is needed regarding the interpretation of our results and those of future studies. ASL measures tissue perfusion—that is, the volume of blood that crosses the sample per minute per 100 g of tissue weight. On the other hand, gadolinium contrast accumulation in the extravascular space and intravascular signal change are responsible for enhancement; hence, the “enhancement” that is seen in structural T1-weighted MR imaging after gadolinium infusion is distinct from tissue perfusion characteristics captured by the ASL sequence. Thus, the terms “hyperperfused” and “enhancing” must not be considered interchangeable. Additionally, the presence of arteriovenous shunts might induce a bias in the perfusion measure because blood is diverted from tissue into the venous side and the diverted labeled blood is not taken into account for the flow measurement. The effect of this technical caveat most certainly accounts for the unexpected—albeit not significant and derived from a very small number of observations—relatively lower perfusion of AVM in our sample compared with HIs. This limitation could be addressed in the future by using multidelay pseudocontinuous ASL, which allows the characterization of blood pools with variable speeds.22
Our study has some limitations. The first is its retrospective design and the associated biases. Also, given the absence of normalized atlas values for soft-tissue lesion flow alteration measurements, we chose to compare the most frequent lesions and could not assess the relative perfusion with adjacent healthy soft tissues. Given the wide variety of STVAs, it was not possible to establish a control group for flow comparison. Finally, even if STVAs were classified in our sample by using a careful and systematic diagnostic approach, our criterion standard for the final diagnosis was based on the conclusions of a multidisciplinary symposium (and not a biopsy in most cases). Thus, we did not compare the diagnostic capacities of ASL with those of conventional noncontrast sequences (T1- and T2-weighted) because the final diagnosis was not made on those sequences alone but on a body of clinical-imaging data. Furthermore, a degree of bias in the classification cannot be ruled out because ASL (qualitatively high or low) may, in some instances, have been used as an additional argument for lesion classification.
Conclusions
This study of 46 children with a cervicofacial vascular anomaly demonstrates the potential role of ASL in discriminating major vascular lesion subtypes and assessing the hemodynamics of STVAs. In view of its ability to quantitatively measure lesional flow, ASL could be a useful tool for the follow-up of patients with hemodynamically active STVAs who are under treatment. Further studies will be needed to test this hypothesis.
Footnotes
Disclosures: Olivia Boccara—UNRELATED: Consultancy: Fabre Dermatology; Payment for Lectures Including Service on Speakers Bureaus: Pierre Fabre Dermatology; Travel/Accommodations/Meeting Expenses Unrelated to Activities Listed: Pierre Fabre Dermatology.
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- Received July 20, 2016.
- Accepted after revision October 18, 2016.
- © 2017 by American Journal of Neuroradiology