Table 1:

Demographic, neurologic, and neuropsychological data of healthy controls and patients with RRMSa

Healthy Controls (n = 19)Cognitively Nonimpaired RRMS (n = 19)Cognitively Impaired RRMS (n = 20)
Demographic and clinical data
    Age (yr)49.0 ± 7.146.4 ± 7.248.1 ± 4.7
    Sex (F/M)14:515:412:8
    Education (yr)16.9 ± 2.9b16.1 ± 1.314.6 ± 1.9b
    Disease duration (yr)NA11.8 ± 5.411.6 ± 4.9
    EDSSNA1.8 ± 0.7c2.6 ± 0.7c
    HADS-Anxiety4.4 ± 4.3b,d6.37 ± 3.1d8.5 ± 3.7b
    HADS-Depression2.3 ± 2.3b3.5 ± 3.2c7.6 ± 2.9b,c
    TreatmentNA
        β-interferon4 (21%)3 (15%)
        Other immune suppressors11 (58%)12 (60%)
        None4 (21%)5 (25%)
    Presence of enhancing lesionsNA1 (5%)5 (25%)
Volumetric data (cm3)
    GM653.37 ± 81.51618.83 ± 53.94605.09 ± 60.90
    WM458.22 ± 65.02b421.84 ± 39.29414.53 ± 71.56b
    BG19.41 ± 2.7518.68 ± 2.5218.04 ± 2.93
    Th9.83 ± 1.92b9.14 ± 1.987.91 ± 1.88b
    CL0.00 ± 0.00b0.12 ± 0.110.22 ± 0.36b
    T2H0.00 ± 0.00b9.37 ± 10.0213.47 ± 13.30b
    T1bh0.00 ± 0.00b3.21 ± 2.985.85 ± 6.77b
    CSF320.89 ± 210.43b353.22 ± 131.71400.29 ± 173.78b
Neurocognitive tests (z score)
    COWAT-FAS−0.67 ± 0.83−0.26 ± 1.06c−1.16 ± 0.89c
    COWAT-Animals−0.13 ± 1.14−0.41 ± 0.95c−0.59 ± 1.18c
    BVMT-IR−0.37 ± 1.15b−0.07 ± 1.04c−1.68 ± 1.34b,c
    BVMT-DR−0.40 ± 1.14b−0.42 ± 0.77c−1.62 ± 1.48b,c
    PASAT-3−0.39 ± 0.94b−0.05 ± 0.61c−1.71 ± 0.82b,c
    PASAT-2−0.21 ± 0.89b−0.26 ± 0.66c−1.80 ± 0.57b,c
    JLO−0.98 ± 0.20−0.83 ± 0.56−0.40 ± 0.67
    SDMT−0.14 ± 0.92b−0.02 ± 0.75c−1.80 ± 1.17b,c
    CVLT II-IR−0.25 ± 1.05b−0.23 ± 1.04c−1.94 ± 1.36b,c
    CVLT II-DR−0.11 ± 0.66b−0.21 ± 0.92c−2.20 ± 1.61b,c
    DKEFS-ST−0.51 ± 0.73−0.26 ± 0.61−0.20 ± 1.25

  • Note:—NA indicates not applicable; EDSS, Expanded Disability Status Score; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; COWAT, Controlled Oral Word Association Test; BVMT, Brief Visuospatial Test- Revised; PASAT, Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test; JLO, Judgment of Line Orientation Test; SDMT, Symbol Digit Modalities Test; CVLT II, California Verbal Learning Test-II; IR, immediate recall; DR, delayed recall; DKEFS-ST, Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System Sorting Test; BG, basal ganglia; Th, thalamus; CL, cortical lesions; T2H, T2 hyperintensities; T1bh, T1 black holes.

  • ↵a Significance at P <.017, corrected for multiple comparisons; all values are means unless specified.

  • ↵b Healthy controls vs patients with RRMS with cognitive impairment..

  • ↵c Patients with RRMS without impairment vs those with cognitive impairment.

  • ↵d Healthy controls vs patients with RRMS without impairment.