Main features of currently available mouse models of HHG
| Animal Model/Subtype | Immunogenicity | Reproducible Tumor-Host Interaction | Tumor Take and Growth Rate | Reproducibility of Human HGG Genetics and Biology | Stromal Disruption | High-Throughput Preclinical Trials |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exogenous models or xenografts | ||||||
| Syngeneic | None/low | Yes | ||||
| Heterogeneic | High/requires nude mice | Yes | ||||
| Orthotopic | Yes | Yes | ||||
| Heterotopic | No | Yes | ||||
| Cell suspension | High | Yes | ||||
| Spheroids | Moderate | Yes | ||||
| Tumor explants: | Low | No | ||||
| From primary cell lines | High | Depends on the cell line | ||||
| From patient tumors | Low | High | ||||
| Endogenous models | ||||||
| Carcinogenically induced (RT, QT, viral mutagenesis) | No | |||||
| GEMMs | No | |||||
| Transplantable GEMMs | Yes |
Note:—RT indicates radiation therapy; QT, chemotherapy.