Table 3:

External validation cohort results

Model	Precision	Recall	F1-Score	Accuracy	Best Parameters
XGBoost	0.74	0.74	0.70	0.74	{'classifier__colsample_bylevel': 0.8, 'classifier__gamma': 0, 'classifier__learning_rate': 0.2, 'classifier__max_depth': 4, 'classifier__min_child_weight': 1, 'classifier__n_estimators': 100, 'classifier__subsample': 0.5}
SVC	0.69	0.71	0.68	0.71	{'classifier__C': 10, 'classifier__kernel': 'rbf'}
Logistic regression	0.62	0.55	0.56	0.55	{'classifier__C': 1, 'classifier__penalty': 'l1', 'classifier__solver': 'liblinear'}
KNN	0.51	0.42	0.43	0.42	{'classifier__n_neighbors': 7}
Intensity baseline	0.25	0.50	0.33	0.50	NA

Note:—SVC indicates support vector classifier; KNN, K nearest neighbor; NA, not applicable.